sqlglot.generator
1from __future__ import annotations 2 3import logging 4import re 5import typing as t 6from collections import defaultdict 7from functools import reduce 8 9from sqlglot import exp 10from sqlglot.errors import ErrorLevel, UnsupportedError, concat_messages 11from sqlglot.helper import apply_index_offset, csv, name_sequence, seq_get 12from sqlglot.jsonpath import ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS, JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS 13from sqlglot.time import format_time 14from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType 15 16if t.TYPE_CHECKING: 17 from sqlglot._typing import E 18 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import DialectType 19 20logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot") 21 22ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE = re.compile(r"\\(\d+)") 23 24 25class _Generator(type): 26 def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs): 27 klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs) 28 29 # Remove transforms that correspond to unsupported JSONPathPart expressions 30 for part in ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS - klass.SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS: 31 klass.TRANSFORMS.pop(part, None) 32 33 return klass 34 35 36class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 37 """ 38 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 39 40 Args: 41 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 42 Default: False. 43 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 44 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 45 True or 'always': Always quote. 46 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 47 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 48 Default: False. 49 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 50 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 51 Default: 2. 52 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 53 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 54 Default: 2. 55 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 56 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 57 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 58 False: Disables function name normalization. 59 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 60 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 61 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 62 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 63 Default: 3 64 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 65 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 66 Default: False 67 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 68 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 69 line length. 70 Default: 80 71 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 72 Default: True 73 """ 74 75 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 76 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 77 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 78 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 79 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 80 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 81 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 82 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 83 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 84 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 85 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 86 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 87 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 88 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 89 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 90 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 91 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 92 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 93 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 94 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 95 exp.EmptyProperty: lambda *_: "EMPTY", 96 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 97 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 98 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 99 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 100 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 101 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 102 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 103 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 104 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 105 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 106 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 107 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 108 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 109 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 110 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 111 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 112 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 113 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 114 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 115 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 116 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 117 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 118 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 119 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 120 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 122 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 123 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 124 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 125 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 126 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 127 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 128 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 129 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 130 ), 131 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 132 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 133 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 134 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 135 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 136 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 137 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 138 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 139 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 140 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 141 exp.Stream: lambda self, e: f"STREAM {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 142 exp.StreamingTableProperty: lambda *_: "STREAMING", 143 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 144 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 145 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 146 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 147 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 148 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 149 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 150 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 151 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 152 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 153 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 154 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 155 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 156 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 157 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 158 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 159 } 160 161 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 162 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support in window specifications 163 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 164 165 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 166 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 167 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 168 169 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 170 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 171 172 # Always do <set op> distinct or <set op> all 173 EXPLICIT_SET_OP = False 174 175 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 176 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 177 178 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 179 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 180 181 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 182 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 183 184 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 185 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 186 187 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 188 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 189 190 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 191 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 192 193 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 194 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 195 196 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 197 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 198 199 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 200 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 201 202 # The string used for creating an index on a table 203 INDEX_ON = "ON" 204 205 # Whether join hints should be generated 206 JOIN_HINTS = True 207 208 # Whether table hints should be generated 209 TABLE_HINTS = True 210 211 # Whether query hints should be generated 212 QUERY_HINTS = True 213 214 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 215 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 216 217 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 218 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 219 220 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 221 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 222 223 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 224 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 225 226 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 227 RETURNING_END = True 228 229 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 230 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 231 232 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 233 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 234 235 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 236 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 237 238 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 239 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 240 241 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 242 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 243 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 244 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 245 246 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 247 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 248 249 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 250 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 251 252 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 253 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 254 255 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 256 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 257 258 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 259 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 260 261 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 262 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 263 264 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 265 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 266 267 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 268 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 269 270 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 271 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 272 273 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 274 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 275 276 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 277 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 278 279 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 280 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 281 282 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 283 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 284 285 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 286 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 287 288 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 289 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 290 291 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 292 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 293 294 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 295 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 296 297 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 298 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 299 300 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 301 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 302 303 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 304 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 305 306 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 307 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 308 309 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 310 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 311 312 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 313 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 314 315 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 316 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 317 318 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 319 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 320 321 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 322 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 323 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 324 325 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 326 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 327 328 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 329 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 330 331 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 332 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 333 334 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 335 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 336 337 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 338 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 339 340 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 341 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 342 343 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 344 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 345 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 346 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 347 348 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 349 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 350 351 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 352 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 353 354 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 355 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 356 357 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 358 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 359 360 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 361 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 362 363 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 364 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 365 366 # The HEX function name 367 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 368 369 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 370 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 371 372 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 373 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 374 375 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 376 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 377 378 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 379 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 380 381 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 382 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 383 384 # Whether CONVERT_TIMEZONE() is supported; if not, it will be generated as exp.AtTimeZone 385 SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = False 386 387 # Whether nullable types can be constructed, e.g. `Nullable(Int64)` 388 SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES = True 389 390 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 391 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 392 393 TYPE_MAPPING = { 394 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 395 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 396 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 397 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 398 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 399 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 400 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 401 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 402 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 403 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 404 } 405 406 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 407 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 408 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 409 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 410 "HOURS": "HOUR", 411 "DAYS": "DAY", 412 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 413 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 414 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 415 "YEARS": "YEAR", 416 } 417 418 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 419 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 420 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 421 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 422 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 423 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 424 if e.args.get("windows") 425 else "" 426 ), 427 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 428 } 429 430 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 431 432 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 433 434 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 435 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 436 437 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 438 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 439 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 440 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 441 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 442 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 443 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 444 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 445 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 446 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 447 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 448 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 449 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 450 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 451 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 452 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 453 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 454 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 455 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 456 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 457 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 458 exp.EmptyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 459 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 460 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 461 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 462 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 463 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 464 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 465 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 466 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 467 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 468 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 469 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 470 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 471 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 472 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 473 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 474 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 475 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 476 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 477 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 478 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 479 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 480 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 481 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 482 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 483 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 484 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 485 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 486 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 487 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 488 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 489 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 490 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 491 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 492 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 493 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 494 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 495 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 496 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 497 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 498 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 499 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 500 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 501 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 502 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 503 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 504 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 505 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 506 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 507 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 508 exp.StreamingTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 509 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 510 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 511 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 512 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 513 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 514 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 515 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 516 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 517 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 518 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 519 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 520 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 521 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 522 } 523 524 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 525 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 526 527 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 528 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 529 exp.Command, 530 exp.Create, 531 exp.Delete, 532 exp.Drop, 533 exp.From, 534 exp.Insert, 535 exp.Join, 536 exp.Select, 537 exp.SetOperation, 538 exp.Update, 539 exp.Where, 540 exp.With, 541 ) 542 543 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 544 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 545 exp.Binary, 546 exp.SetOperation, 547 ) 548 549 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 550 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 551 exp.Column, 552 exp.Literal, 553 exp.Neg, 554 exp.Paren, 555 ) 556 557 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 558 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 559 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 560 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 561 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 562 } 563 564 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 565 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 566 567 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 568 569 __slots__ = ( 570 "pretty", 571 "identify", 572 "normalize", 573 "pad", 574 "_indent", 575 "normalize_functions", 576 "unsupported_level", 577 "max_unsupported", 578 "leading_comma", 579 "max_text_width", 580 "comments", 581 "dialect", 582 "unsupported_messages", 583 "_escaped_quote_end", 584 "_escaped_identifier_end", 585 "_next_name", 586 ) 587 588 def __init__( 589 self, 590 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 591 identify: str | bool = False, 592 normalize: bool = False, 593 pad: int = 2, 594 indent: int = 2, 595 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 596 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 597 max_unsupported: int = 3, 598 leading_comma: bool = False, 599 max_text_width: int = 80, 600 comments: bool = True, 601 dialect: DialectType = None, 602 ): 603 import sqlglot 604 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 605 606 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 607 self.identify = identify 608 self.normalize = normalize 609 self.pad = pad 610 self._indent = indent 611 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 612 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 613 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 614 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 615 self.comments = comments 616 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 617 618 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 619 self.normalize_functions = ( 620 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 621 ) 622 623 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 624 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 625 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 626 ) 627 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 628 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 629 ) 630 631 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 632 633 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 634 """ 635 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 636 637 Args: 638 expression: The syntax tree. 639 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 640 it is safer to copy. 641 642 Returns: 643 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 644 """ 645 if copy: 646 expression = expression.copy() 647 648 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 649 650 self.unsupported_messages = [] 651 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 652 653 if self.pretty: 654 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 655 656 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 657 return sql 658 659 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 660 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 661 logger.warning(msg) 662 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 663 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 664 665 return sql 666 667 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 668 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 669 if ( 670 not expression.parent 671 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 672 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 673 ): 674 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 675 676 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 677 678 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 679 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 680 681 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 682 683 return expression 684 685 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 686 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 687 raise UnsupportedError(message) 688 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 689 690 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 691 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 692 693 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 694 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 695 696 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 697 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 698 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 699 return comment 700 701 def maybe_comment( 702 self, 703 sql: str, 704 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 705 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 706 separated: bool = False, 707 ) -> str: 708 comments = ( 709 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 710 if self.comments 711 else None 712 ) 713 714 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 715 return sql 716 717 comments_sql = " ".join( 718 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 719 ) 720 721 if not comments_sql: 722 return sql 723 724 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 725 726 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 727 return ( 728 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 729 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 730 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 731 ) 732 733 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 734 735 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 736 this_sql = ( 737 self.sql(expression) 738 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 739 else self.sql(expression, "this") 740 ) 741 if not this_sql: 742 return "()" 743 744 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 745 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 746 747 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 748 original = self.identify 749 self.identify = False 750 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 751 self.identify = original 752 return result 753 754 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 755 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 756 return name.upper() 757 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 758 return name.lower() 759 return name 760 761 def indent( 762 self, 763 sql: str, 764 level: int = 0, 765 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 766 skip_first: bool = False, 767 skip_last: bool = False, 768 ) -> str: 769 if not self.pretty or not sql: 770 return sql 771 772 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 773 lines = sql.split("\n") 774 775 return "\n".join( 776 ( 777 line 778 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 779 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 780 ) 781 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 782 ) 783 784 def sql( 785 self, 786 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 787 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 788 comment: bool = True, 789 ) -> str: 790 if not expression: 791 return "" 792 793 if isinstance(expression, str): 794 return expression 795 796 if key: 797 value = expression.args.get(key) 798 if value: 799 return self.sql(value) 800 return "" 801 802 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 803 804 if callable(transform): 805 sql = transform(self, expression) 806 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 807 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 808 809 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 810 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 811 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 812 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 813 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 814 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 815 else: 816 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 817 else: 818 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 819 820 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 821 822 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 823 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 824 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 825 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 826 827 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 828 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 829 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 830 options = expression.args.get("options") 831 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 832 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 833 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 834 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 835 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 836 837 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 838 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 839 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 840 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 841 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 842 843 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 844 return ".".join( 845 self.sql(part) 846 for part in ( 847 expression.args.get("catalog"), 848 expression.args.get("db"), 849 expression.args.get("table"), 850 expression.args.get("this"), 851 ) 852 if part 853 ) 854 855 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 856 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 857 858 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 859 join_mark = "" 860 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 861 862 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 863 864 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 865 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 866 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 867 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 868 return f"{position}{this}" 869 870 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 871 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 872 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 873 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 874 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 875 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 876 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 877 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 878 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 879 880 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 881 kind = "" 882 883 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 884 885 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 886 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 887 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 888 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 889 890 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 891 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 892 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 893 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 894 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 895 persisted = " PERSISTED" 896 else: 897 persisted = "" 898 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 899 900 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 901 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 902 903 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 904 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 905 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 906 else: 907 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 908 909 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 910 911 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 912 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 913 ) -> str: 914 this = "" 915 if expression.this is not None: 916 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 917 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 918 919 start = expression.args.get("start") 920 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 921 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 922 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 923 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 924 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 925 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 926 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 927 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 928 cycle_sql = "" 929 930 if cycle is not None: 931 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 932 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 933 934 sequence_opts = "" 935 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 936 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 937 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 938 939 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 940 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 941 942 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 943 944 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 945 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 946 ) -> str: 947 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 948 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 949 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 950 951 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 952 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 953 ) -> str: 954 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 955 956 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 957 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 958 959 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 960 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 961 962 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 963 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 964 if desc is not None: 965 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 966 return "PRIMARY KEY" 967 968 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 969 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 970 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 971 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 972 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 973 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 974 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 975 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 976 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 977 978 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 979 return self.sql(expression, "this") 980 981 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 982 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 983 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 984 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 985 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 986 987 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 988 989 properties_sql = "" 990 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 991 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 992 ): 993 properties_sql = self.sql( 994 exp.Properties( 995 expressions=[ 996 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 997 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 998 ] 999 ) 1000 ) 1001 1002 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1003 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1004 elif not self.pretty: 1005 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1006 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1007 1008 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1009 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1010 1011 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1012 if expression_sql: 1013 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1014 1015 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1016 postalias_props_sql = "" 1017 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1018 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1019 exp.Properties( 1020 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1021 ), 1022 wrapped=False, 1023 ) 1024 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1025 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1026 1027 postindex_props_sql = "" 1028 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1029 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1030 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1031 wrapped=False, 1032 prefix=" ", 1033 ) 1034 1035 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1036 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1037 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1038 1039 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1040 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1041 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1042 1043 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1044 if clustered is None: 1045 clustered_sql = "" 1046 elif clustered: 1047 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1048 else: 1049 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1050 1051 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1052 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1053 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1054 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1055 sep=" ", 1056 prefix=" ", 1057 wrapped=False, 1058 ) 1059 1060 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1061 1062 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1063 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1064 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1065 exp.Properties( 1066 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1067 ), 1068 sep=" ", 1069 prefix=" ", 1070 wrapped=False, 1071 ) 1072 1073 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1074 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1075 no_schema_binding = ( 1076 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1077 ) 1078 1079 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1080 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1081 1082 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1083 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1084 1085 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1086 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1087 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1088 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1089 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1090 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1091 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1092 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1093 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1094 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1095 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1096 1097 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1098 if cache is None: 1099 cache_str = "" 1100 elif cache is True: 1101 cache_str = " CACHE" 1102 else: 1103 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1104 1105 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1106 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1107 1108 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1109 1110 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1111 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1112 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1113 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1114 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1115 1116 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1117 style = expression.args.get("style") 1118 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1119 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1120 1121 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1122 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1123 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1124 1125 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1126 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1127 if with_: 1128 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1129 return sql 1130 1131 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1132 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1133 recursive = ( 1134 "RECURSIVE " 1135 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1136 else "" 1137 ) 1138 1139 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1140 1141 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1142 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1143 1144 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1145 if materialized is False: 1146 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1147 elif materialized: 1148 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1149 1150 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1151 1152 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1153 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1154 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1155 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1156 1157 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1158 columns = "" 1159 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1160 1161 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1162 alias = self._next_name() 1163 1164 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1165 1166 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1167 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1168 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1169 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1170 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1171 1172 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1173 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1174 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1175 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1176 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1177 1178 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1179 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1180 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1181 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1182 return this 1183 1184 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1185 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1186 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1187 1188 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1189 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1190 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1191 else: 1192 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1193 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1194 1195 if escape: 1196 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1197 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1198 else: 1199 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1200 escape_sql = "" 1201 1202 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1203 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1204 1205 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1206 1207 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1208 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1209 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1210 1211 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1212 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1213 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1214 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1215 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1216 1217 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1218 nested = "" 1219 values = "" 1220 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1221 1222 type_value = expression.this 1223 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1224 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1225 elif type_value != exp.DataType.Type.NULLABLE or self.SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES: 1226 type_sql = ( 1227 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1228 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1229 else type_value 1230 ) 1231 else: 1232 return interior 1233 1234 if interior: 1235 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1236 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1237 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1238 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1239 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1240 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1241 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1242 nested = f" {interior}" 1243 else: 1244 nested = f"({interior})" 1245 1246 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1247 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1248 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1249 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1250 ): 1251 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1252 1253 return type_sql 1254 1255 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1256 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1257 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1258 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1259 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1260 1261 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1262 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1263 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1264 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1265 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1266 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1267 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1268 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1269 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1270 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1271 if self.RETURNING_END: 1272 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1273 else: 1274 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1275 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1276 1277 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1278 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1279 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1280 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1281 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1282 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1283 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1284 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1285 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1286 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1287 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1288 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1289 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1290 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1291 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1292 1293 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1294 return self.set_operations(expression) 1295 1296 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1297 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1298 1299 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1300 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1301 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1302 count = expression.args.get("count") 1303 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1304 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1305 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1306 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1307 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1308 1309 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1310 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1311 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1312 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1313 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1314 1315 agg = expression.this 1316 agg_arg = agg.this 1317 cond = expression.expression.this 1318 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1319 return self.sql(agg) 1320 1321 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1322 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1323 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1324 return "" 1325 1326 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1327 1328 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1329 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1330 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1331 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1332 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1333 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1334 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1335 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1336 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1337 if include: 1338 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1339 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1340 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1341 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1342 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1343 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1344 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1345 1346 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1347 1348 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1349 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1350 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1351 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1352 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1353 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1354 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1355 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1356 1357 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1358 1359 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1360 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1361 1362 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1363 text = expression.name 1364 lower = text.lower() 1365 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1366 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1367 if ( 1368 expression.quoted 1369 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1370 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1371 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1372 ): 1373 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1374 return text 1375 1376 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1377 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1378 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1379 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1380 1381 return text 1382 1383 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1384 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1385 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1386 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1387 return text 1388 1389 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1390 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1391 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1392 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1393 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1394 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1395 1396 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1397 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1398 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1399 1400 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1401 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1402 1403 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1404 root_properties = [] 1405 with_properties = [] 1406 1407 for p in expression.expressions: 1408 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1409 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1410 with_properties.append(p) 1411 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1412 root_properties.append(p) 1413 1414 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1415 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1416 1417 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1418 with_props = " " + with_props 1419 1420 return root_props + with_props 1421 1422 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1423 if properties.expressions: 1424 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1425 return "" 1426 1427 def properties( 1428 self, 1429 properties: exp.Properties, 1430 prefix: str = "", 1431 sep: str = ", ", 1432 suffix: str = "", 1433 wrapped: bool = True, 1434 ) -> str: 1435 if properties.expressions: 1436 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1437 if expressions: 1438 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1439 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1440 return "" 1441 1442 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1443 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1444 1445 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1446 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1447 for p in properties.expressions: 1448 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1449 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1450 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1451 else: 1452 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1453 1454 return properties_locs 1455 1456 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1457 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1458 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1459 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1460 1461 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1462 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1463 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1464 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1465 1466 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1467 if not property_name: 1468 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1469 1470 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1471 1472 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1473 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1474 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1475 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1476 1477 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1478 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1479 like = f"({like})" 1480 1481 return like 1482 1483 if expression.expressions: 1484 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1485 1486 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1487 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1488 1489 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1490 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1491 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1492 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1493 1494 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1495 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1496 local = expression.args.get("local") 1497 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1498 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1499 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1500 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1501 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1502 1503 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1504 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1505 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1506 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1507 1508 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1509 if expression.args.get("default"): 1510 property = "DEFAULT" 1511 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1512 property = "ON" 1513 else: 1514 property = "OFF" 1515 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1516 1517 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1518 if expression.args.get("no"): 1519 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1520 if expression.args.get("default"): 1521 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1522 1523 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1524 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1525 1526 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1527 default = expression.args.get("default") 1528 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1529 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1530 if default or minimum or maximum: 1531 if default: 1532 prop = "DEFAULT" 1533 elif minimum: 1534 prop = "MINIMUM" 1535 else: 1536 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1537 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1538 units = expression.args.get("units") 1539 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1540 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1541 1542 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1543 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1544 always = expression.args.get("always") 1545 default = expression.args.get("default") 1546 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1547 never = expression.args.get("never") 1548 1549 if autotemp is not None: 1550 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1551 elif always: 1552 prop = "ALWAYS" 1553 elif default: 1554 prop = "DEFAULT" 1555 elif manual: 1556 prop = "MANUAL" 1557 elif never: 1558 prop = "NEVER" 1559 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1560 1561 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1562 no = expression.args.get("no") 1563 no = " NO" if no else "" 1564 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1565 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1566 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1567 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1568 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1569 1570 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1571 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1572 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1573 if expression.this: 1574 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1575 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1576 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1577 1578 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1579 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1580 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1581 1582 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1583 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1584 1585 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1586 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1587 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1588 else: 1589 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1590 1591 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1592 1593 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1594 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1595 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1596 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1597 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1598 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1599 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1600 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1601 1602 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1603 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1604 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1605 statistics_sql = "" 1606 if statistics is not None: 1607 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1608 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1609 1610 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1611 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1612 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1613 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1614 data_consistency = ( 1615 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1616 ) 1617 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1618 retention_period = ( 1619 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1620 ) 1621 1622 if this: 1623 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1624 else: 1625 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1626 1627 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1628 1629 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1630 1631 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1632 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1633 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1634 1635 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1636 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1637 else: 1638 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1639 1640 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1641 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1642 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1643 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1644 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1645 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1646 if is_function: 1647 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1648 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1649 1650 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1651 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1652 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1653 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1654 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1655 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1656 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1657 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1658 1659 if self.RETURNING_END: 1660 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1661 else: 1662 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1663 1664 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1665 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1666 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1667 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1668 1669 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}" 1670 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1671 1672 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1673 return self.set_operations(expression) 1674 1675 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1676 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1677 1678 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1679 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1680 1681 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1682 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1683 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1684 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1685 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1686 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1687 1688 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1689 return expression.name 1690 1691 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1692 return expression.name 1693 1694 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1695 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1696 1697 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1698 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1699 1700 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1701 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1702 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1703 1704 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1705 if expressions: 1706 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1707 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1708 1709 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1710 1711 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1712 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1713 1714 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1715 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1716 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1717 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1718 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1719 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1720 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1721 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1722 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1723 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1724 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1725 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1726 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1727 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1728 1729 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1730 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1731 1732 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1733 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1734 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1735 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1736 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1737 1738 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1739 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1740 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1741 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1742 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1743 1744 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1745 return ".".join( 1746 self.sql(part) 1747 for part in ( 1748 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1749 expression.args.get("db"), 1750 expression.args.get("this"), 1751 ) 1752 if part is not None 1753 ) 1754 1755 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1756 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1757 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1758 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1759 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1760 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1761 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1762 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1763 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1764 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1765 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1766 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1767 joins = self.indent( 1768 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1769 ) 1770 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1771 1772 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1773 if file_format: 1774 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1775 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1776 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1777 1778 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1779 if ordinality: 1780 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1781 alias = "" 1782 1783 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1784 if when: 1785 table = f"{table} {when}" 1786 1787 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1788 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1789 1790 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1791 if rows_from: 1792 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1793 1794 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1795 1796 def tablesample_sql( 1797 self, 1798 expression: exp.TableSample, 1799 sep: str = " AS ", 1800 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1801 ) -> str: 1802 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1803 table = expression.this.copy() 1804 table.set("alias", None) 1805 this = self.sql(table) 1806 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1807 else: 1808 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1809 alias = "" 1810 1811 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1812 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1813 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1814 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1815 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1816 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1817 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1818 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1819 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1820 1821 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1822 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1823 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1824 1825 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1826 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1827 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1828 1829 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1830 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1831 expr = f"({expr})" 1832 1833 return ( 1834 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1835 ) 1836 1837 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1838 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1839 1840 if expression.this: 1841 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1842 if not expressions: 1843 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1844 1845 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1846 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1847 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1848 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1849 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1850 1851 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1852 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1853 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1854 1855 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1856 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1857 field = f"IN ({field})" 1858 1859 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1860 if include_nulls is not None: 1861 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1862 else: 1863 nulls = "" 1864 1865 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1866 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1867 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1868 1869 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 1870 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 1871 kind = expression.text("kind") 1872 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1873 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 1874 1875 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1876 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 1877 1878 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1879 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1880 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1881 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1882 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1883 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1884 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1885 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1886 if self.RETURNING_END: 1887 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1888 else: 1889 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1890 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1891 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1892 1893 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1894 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1895 1896 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1897 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1898 args = self.expressions(expression) 1899 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1900 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1901 values = ( 1902 f"({values})" 1903 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1904 else values 1905 ) 1906 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1907 1908 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1909 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1910 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1911 1912 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1913 1914 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1915 row = tup.expressions 1916 1917 if i == 0 and column_names: 1918 row = [ 1919 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1920 ] 1921 1922 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1923 1924 if self.pretty: 1925 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1926 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1927 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1928 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1929 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1930 1931 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1932 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1933 return f"({unions}){alias}" 1934 1935 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1936 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1937 1938 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1939 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1940 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1941 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1942 1943 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1944 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1945 1946 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1947 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1948 if group_by_all is True: 1949 modifier = " ALL" 1950 elif group_by_all is False: 1951 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1952 else: 1953 modifier = "" 1954 1955 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1956 1957 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1958 grouping_sets = ( 1959 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1960 ) 1961 1962 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1963 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1964 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1965 else: 1966 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1967 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1968 1969 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1970 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1971 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1972 else: 1973 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1974 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1975 1976 groupings = csv( 1977 grouping_sets, 1978 cube_sql, 1979 rollup_sql, 1980 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1981 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1982 ) 1983 1984 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1985 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1986 1987 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1988 1989 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1990 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1991 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1992 1993 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1994 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1995 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1996 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1997 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1998 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 1999 return start + connect 2000 2001 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 2002 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2003 2004 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2005 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2006 side = None 2007 else: 2008 side = expression.side 2009 2010 op_sql = " ".join( 2011 op 2012 for op in ( 2013 expression.method, 2014 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2015 side, 2016 expression.kind, 2017 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2018 ) 2019 if op 2020 ) 2021 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2022 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2023 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2024 using = expression.args.get("using") 2025 2026 if not on_sql and using: 2027 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2028 2029 this = expression.this 2030 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2031 2032 if on_sql: 2033 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2034 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2035 if using: 2036 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2037 else: 2038 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2039 elif not op_sql: 2040 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2041 return f" {this_sql}" 2042 2043 return f", {this_sql}" 2044 2045 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2046 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2047 2048 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2049 2050 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2051 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2052 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2053 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2054 2055 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2056 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2057 2058 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2059 if cross_apply is True: 2060 op = "INNER JOIN " 2061 elif cross_apply is False: 2062 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2063 else: 2064 op = "" 2065 2066 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2067 2068 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2069 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2070 2071 if expression.args.get("view"): 2072 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2073 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2074 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2075 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2076 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2077 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2078 2079 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2080 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2081 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2082 2083 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2084 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2085 2086 args = [ 2087 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2088 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2089 if e 2090 ] 2091 2092 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2093 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2094 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2095 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2096 2097 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2098 2099 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2100 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2101 value = expression.expression 2102 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2103 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2104 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2105 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2106 2107 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2108 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2109 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2110 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2111 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2112 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2113 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2114 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2115 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2116 2117 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2118 expressions = ( 2119 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2120 ) 2121 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2122 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2123 2124 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2125 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2126 2127 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2128 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2129 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2130 return "" 2131 2132 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2133 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2134 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2135 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2136 2137 if wait is not None: 2138 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2139 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2140 else: 2141 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2142 2143 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2144 2145 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2146 text = expression.this or "" 2147 if expression.is_string: 2148 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2149 return text 2150 2151 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2152 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2153 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2154 text = "".join( 2155 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2156 ) 2157 2158 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2159 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2160 ) 2161 2162 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2163 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2164 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2165 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2166 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2167 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2168 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2169 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2170 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2171 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2172 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2173 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2174 2175 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2176 return "NULL" 2177 2178 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2179 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2180 2181 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2182 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2183 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2184 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2185 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2186 interpolated_values = [ 2187 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2188 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2189 ] 2190 interpolate = ( 2191 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2192 ) 2193 return f"{order}{interpolate}" 2194 2195 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2196 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2197 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2198 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2199 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2200 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2201 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2202 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}" 2203 2204 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2205 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2206 2207 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2208 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2209 2210 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2211 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2212 2213 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2214 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2215 asc = not desc 2216 2217 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2218 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2219 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2220 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2221 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2222 2223 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2224 2225 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2226 nulls_sort_change = "" 2227 if nulls_first and ( 2228 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2229 ): 2230 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2231 elif ( 2232 nulls_last 2233 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2234 and not nulls_are_last 2235 ): 2236 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2237 2238 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2239 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2240 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2241 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2242 self.unsupported( 2243 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2244 ) 2245 nulls_sort_change = "" 2246 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2247 if expression.this.is_int: 2248 self.unsupported( 2249 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2250 ) 2251 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2252 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2253 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2254 nulls_sort_change = "" 2255 2256 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2257 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2258 2259 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2260 2261 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2262 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2263 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2264 2265 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2266 2267 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2268 2269 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2270 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2271 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2272 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2273 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2274 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2275 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2276 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2277 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2278 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2279 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2280 definition_sqls = [ 2281 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2282 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2283 ] 2284 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2285 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2286 body = "".join( 2287 ( 2288 partition, 2289 order, 2290 measures, 2291 rows, 2292 after, 2293 pattern, 2294 define, 2295 ) 2296 ) 2297 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2298 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2299 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2300 2301 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2302 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2303 2304 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2305 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2306 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2307 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2308 2309 return csv( 2310 *sqls, 2311 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2312 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2313 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2314 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2315 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2316 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2317 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2318 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2319 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2320 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2321 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2322 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2323 self.options_modifier(expression), 2324 sep="", 2325 ) 2326 2327 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2328 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2329 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2330 2331 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2332 return "" 2333 2334 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2335 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2336 ) -> t.List[str]: 2337 return [ 2338 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2339 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2340 ] 2341 2342 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2343 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2344 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2345 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2346 2347 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2348 into = expression.args.get("into") 2349 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2350 into.pop() 2351 2352 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2353 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2354 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2355 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2356 2357 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2358 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2359 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2360 limit.pop() 2361 else: 2362 top = "" 2363 2364 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2365 2366 if kind: 2367 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2368 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2369 else: 2370 if kind == "STRUCT": 2371 expressions = self.expressions( 2372 sqls=[ 2373 self.sql( 2374 exp.Struct( 2375 expressions=[ 2376 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2377 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2378 else e 2379 for e in expression.expressions 2380 ] 2381 ) 2382 ) 2383 ] 2384 ) 2385 kind = "" 2386 2387 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2388 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2389 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2390 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2391 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2392 expression, 2393 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2394 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2395 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2396 ) 2397 2398 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2399 2400 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2401 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2402 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2403 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2404 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2405 else: 2406 table_kind = "" 2407 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2408 2409 return sql 2410 2411 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2412 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2413 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2414 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2415 2416 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2417 if expression.expressions: 2418 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2419 return "" 2420 2421 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2422 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2423 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2424 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2425 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2426 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2427 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2428 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2429 2430 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2431 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2432 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2433 2434 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2435 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2436 kind = expression.text("kind") 2437 if kind: 2438 kind = f"{kind}." 2439 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2440 2441 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2442 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2443 2444 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2445 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2446 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2447 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2448 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2449 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2450 2451 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2452 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2453 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2454 2455 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2456 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2457 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2458 order = expression.args.get("order") 2459 2460 if limit or order: 2461 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2462 2463 if limit: 2464 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2465 if order: 2466 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2467 return self.sql(select) 2468 2469 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2470 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2471 2472 while stack: 2473 node = stack.pop() 2474 2475 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2476 stack.append(node.expression) 2477 stack.append( 2478 self.maybe_comment( 2479 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2480 comments=node.comments, 2481 separated=True, 2482 ) 2483 ) 2484 stack.append(node.this) 2485 else: 2486 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2487 2488 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2489 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2490 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 2491 2492 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 2493 return self.set_operations(expression) 2494 2495 def union_op(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2496 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_SET_OP else "" 2497 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 2498 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 2499 return f"UNION{kind}{by_name}" 2500 2501 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2502 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2503 2504 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2505 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2506 2507 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2508 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2509 alias.append("columns", offset) 2510 2511 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2512 columns = alias.columns 2513 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2514 else: 2515 alias = self.sql(alias) 2516 2517 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2518 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2519 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2520 else: 2521 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2522 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2523 elif offset: 2524 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2525 else: 2526 suffix = alias 2527 2528 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2529 2530 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2531 return "" 2532 2533 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2534 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2535 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2536 2537 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2538 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2539 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2540 order = expression.args.get("order") 2541 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2542 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2543 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2544 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2545 2546 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2547 2548 first = expression.args.get("first") 2549 if first is None: 2550 first = "" 2551 else: 2552 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2553 2554 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2555 return f"{this} {alias}" 2556 2557 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2558 return f"{this} ({args})" 2559 2560 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2561 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2562 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2563 2564 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2565 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2566 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2567 end = ( 2568 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2569 or "CURRENT ROW" 2570 ) 2571 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2572 2573 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2574 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2575 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2576 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2577 2578 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2579 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2580 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2581 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2582 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2583 2584 def bracket_offset_expressions(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2585 return apply_index_offset( 2586 expression.this, 2587 expression.expressions, 2588 self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2589 ) 2590 2591 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2592 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2593 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2594 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2595 2596 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2597 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2598 2599 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2600 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2601 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2602 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2603 this = self.wrap(this) 2604 return f"ANY{this}" 2605 return f"ANY {this}" 2606 2607 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2608 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2609 2610 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2611 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2612 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2613 2614 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2615 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2616 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2617 2618 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2619 2620 if default: 2621 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2622 2623 statements.append("END") 2624 2625 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2626 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2627 2628 return " ".join(statements) 2629 2630 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2631 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2632 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2633 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2634 2635 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2636 order = expression.args.get("order") 2637 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2638 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2639 2640 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2641 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2642 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2643 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2644 2645 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2646 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2647 2648 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2649 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2650 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2651 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2652 else: 2653 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 2654 2655 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2656 args = expression.expressions 2657 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2658 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2659 2660 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2661 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2662 2663 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2664 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2665 2666 return args 2667 2668 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2669 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2670 2671 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2672 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2673 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2674 2675 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2676 2677 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2678 return self.func( 2679 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2680 ) 2681 2682 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2683 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2684 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2685 2686 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2687 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2688 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2689 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2690 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2691 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2692 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2693 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2694 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2695 2696 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2697 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2698 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2699 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2700 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2701 2702 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2703 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2704 2705 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2706 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2707 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2708 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2709 2710 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2711 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2712 2713 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2714 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2715 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2716 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2717 2718 return path 2719 2720 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2721 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2722 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2723 if not callable(transform): 2724 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2725 return "" 2726 2727 return transform(self, expression) 2728 2729 if isinstance(expression, int): 2730 return str(expression) 2731 2732 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2733 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2734 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2735 else: 2736 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2737 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2738 2739 return escaped 2740 2741 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2742 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2743 2744 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2745 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2746 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2747 2748 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2749 if unique_keys is not None: 2750 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2751 else: 2752 unique_keys = "" 2753 2754 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2755 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2756 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2757 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2758 2759 return self.func( 2760 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2761 *expression.expressions, 2762 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2763 ) 2764 2765 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2766 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2767 2768 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2769 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2770 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2771 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2772 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2773 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2774 return self.func( 2775 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2776 ) 2777 2778 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2779 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2780 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2781 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2782 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2783 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2784 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2785 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2786 return self.func( 2787 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2788 this, 2789 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2790 ) 2791 2792 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2793 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2794 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2795 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2796 2797 if nested_schema: 2798 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2799 2800 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2801 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2802 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2803 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2804 2805 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2806 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2807 2808 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2809 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2810 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2811 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2812 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2813 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2814 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2815 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2816 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2817 return self.func( 2818 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2819 ) 2820 2821 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2822 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2823 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2824 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2825 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2826 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2827 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2828 2829 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2830 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2831 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2832 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2833 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2834 with_ = ( 2835 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2836 if expressions 2837 else "" 2838 ) 2839 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2840 2841 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2842 query = expression.args.get("query") 2843 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2844 field = expression.args.get("field") 2845 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2846 2847 if query: 2848 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2849 elif unnest: 2850 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2851 elif field: 2852 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2853 else: 2854 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2855 2856 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2857 2858 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2859 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2860 2861 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2862 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2863 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2864 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2865 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2866 2867 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2868 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2869 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2870 2871 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2872 if this: 2873 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2874 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2875 2876 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 2877 2878 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 2879 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2880 2881 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2882 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2883 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2884 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2885 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2886 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2887 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 2888 2889 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 2890 return self.func(self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions) 2891 2892 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 2893 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 2894 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2895 2896 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 2897 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 2898 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 2899 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 2900 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 2901 2902 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 2903 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2904 2905 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 2906 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2907 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2908 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 2909 2910 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2911 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2912 2913 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2914 literal_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Literal) 2915 2916 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2917 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2918 elif not identifier_alias and literal_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2919 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2920 2921 return self.alias_sql(expression) 2922 2923 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 2924 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2925 2926 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2927 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2928 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2929 return f"{this} AT {index}" 2930 2931 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2932 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2933 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2934 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 2935 2936 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 2937 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2938 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2939 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 2940 2941 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 2942 return self.binary(expression, "+") 2943 2944 def and_sql( 2945 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2946 ) -> str: 2947 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 2948 2949 def or_sql( 2950 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2951 ) -> str: 2952 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 2953 2954 def xor_sql( 2955 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2956 ) -> str: 2957 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 2958 2959 def connector_sql( 2960 self, 2961 expression: exp.Connector, 2962 op: str, 2963 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2964 ) -> str: 2965 if stack is not None: 2966 if expression.expressions: 2967 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2968 else: 2969 stack.append(expression.right) 2970 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2971 for comment in expression.comments: 2972 if comment: 2973 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2974 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2975 return op 2976 2977 stack = [expression] 2978 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2979 ops = set() 2980 2981 while stack: 2982 node = stack.pop() 2983 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2984 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2985 else: 2986 sql = self.sql(node) 2987 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2988 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2989 else: 2990 sqls.append(sql) 2991 2992 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2993 return sep.join(sqls) 2994 2995 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 2996 return self.binary(expression, "&") 2997 2998 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 2999 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 3000 3001 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 3002 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3003 3004 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 3005 return self.binary(expression, "|") 3006 3007 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 3008 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 3009 3010 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 3011 return self.binary(expression, "^") 3012 3013 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3014 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3015 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3016 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3017 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3018 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3019 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3020 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 3021 3022 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3023 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3024 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3025 3026 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3027 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3028 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3029 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3030 3031 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3032 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3033 3034 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3035 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3036 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3037 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3038 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3039 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3040 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3041 3042 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3043 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3044 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3045 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3046 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3047 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3048 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3049 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3050 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3051 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3052 3053 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3054 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3055 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3056 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3057 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3058 3059 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3060 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3061 3062 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3063 3064 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3065 return "BEGIN" 3066 3067 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3068 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3069 if chain is not None: 3070 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3071 3072 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3073 3074 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3075 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3076 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3077 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3078 3079 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3080 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3081 3082 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3083 if dtype: 3084 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3085 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3086 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3087 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3088 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3089 3090 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3091 if default: 3092 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3093 3094 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3095 if comment: 3096 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3097 3098 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3099 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3100 3101 if not drop and not allow_null: 3102 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3103 3104 if allow_null is not None: 3105 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3106 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3107 3108 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3109 3110 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3111 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3112 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3113 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3114 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3115 3116 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3117 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3118 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3119 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3120 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3121 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3122 3123 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3124 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3125 # Remove db from tables 3126 expression = expression.transform( 3127 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3128 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3129 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3130 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3131 3132 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3133 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3134 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3135 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3136 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3137 3138 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3139 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3140 return f"SET {exprs}" 3141 3142 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3143 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3144 3145 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3146 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3147 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3148 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3149 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3150 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3151 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3152 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3153 else: 3154 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3155 3156 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3157 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3158 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3159 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3160 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3161 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3162 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3163 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}" 3164 3165 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3166 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3167 return self.expressions( 3168 expression, 3169 key="actions", 3170 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3171 skip_first=True, 3172 ) 3173 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3174 3175 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3176 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3177 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3178 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3179 3180 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3181 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3182 3183 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3184 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3185 3186 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3187 case = exp.case() 3188 for arg in expression.expressions: 3189 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3190 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3191 3192 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3193 3194 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3195 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3196 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3197 3198 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3199 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3200 3201 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3202 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3203 3204 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3205 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3206 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3207 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3208 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3209 3210 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3211 return self.sql( 3212 exp.Cast( 3213 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3214 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3215 ) 3216 ) 3217 3218 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3219 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3220 return self.func( 3221 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3222 ) 3223 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3224 3225 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3226 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3227 3228 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3229 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3230 3231 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3232 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3233 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3234 3235 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3236 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3237 return self.sql( 3238 exp.cast( 3239 l / r, 3240 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3241 ) 3242 ) 3243 3244 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3245 3246 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3247 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3248 3249 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3250 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3251 3252 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3253 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3254 3255 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3256 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3257 3258 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3259 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3260 3261 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3262 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3263 3264 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3265 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3266 3267 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3268 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3269 3270 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3271 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3272 3273 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3274 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3275 3276 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3277 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3278 3279 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3280 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3281 return self.sql( 3282 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3283 ) 3284 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3285 3286 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3287 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3288 3289 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3290 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3291 3292 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3293 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3294 3295 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3296 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3297 3298 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3299 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3300 3301 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3302 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3303 3304 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3305 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3306 3307 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3308 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3309 3310 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3311 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3312 3313 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3314 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3315 3316 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3317 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3318 3319 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3320 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3321 3322 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3323 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3324 3325 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3326 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3327 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3328 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3329 3330 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3331 3332 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3333 this = expression.this 3334 expr = expression.expression 3335 3336 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3337 this, expr = expr, this 3338 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3339 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3340 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3341 3342 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3343 3344 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3345 3346 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3347 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3348 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3349 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3350 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3351 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3352 3353 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3354 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 3355 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3356 3357 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3358 args = [] 3359 3360 for key in expression.arg_types: 3361 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3362 3363 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3364 for value in arg_value: 3365 args.append(value) 3366 elif arg_value is not None: 3367 args.append(arg_value) 3368 3369 if self.normalize_functions: 3370 name = expression.sql_name() 3371 else: 3372 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3373 3374 return self.func(name, *args) 3375 3376 def func( 3377 self, 3378 name: str, 3379 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3380 prefix: str = "(", 3381 suffix: str = ")", 3382 ) -> str: 3383 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3384 3385 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3386 arg_sqls = tuple( 3387 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3388 ) 3389 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3390 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3391 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 3392 3393 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3394 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3395 3396 def format_time( 3397 self, 3398 expression: exp.Expression, 3399 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3400 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3401 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3402 return format_time( 3403 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3404 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3405 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3406 ) 3407 3408 def expressions( 3409 self, 3410 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3411 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3412 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3413 flat: bool = False, 3414 indent: bool = True, 3415 skip_first: bool = False, 3416 skip_last: bool = False, 3417 sep: str = ", ", 3418 prefix: str = "", 3419 dynamic: bool = False, 3420 new_line: bool = False, 3421 ) -> str: 3422 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3423 3424 if not expressions: 3425 return "" 3426 3427 if flat: 3428 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3429 3430 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3431 result_sqls = [] 3432 3433 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3434 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3435 if not sql: 3436 continue 3437 3438 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3439 3440 if self.pretty: 3441 if self.leading_comma: 3442 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3443 else: 3444 result_sqls.append( 3445 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3446 ) 3447 else: 3448 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3449 3450 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3451 if new_line: 3452 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3453 result_sqls.append("") 3454 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3455 else: 3456 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3457 return ( 3458 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3459 if indent 3460 else result_sql 3461 ) 3462 3463 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3464 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3465 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3466 if flat: 3467 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3468 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3469 3470 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3471 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3472 if not property_name: 3473 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3474 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3475 3476 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3477 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3478 3479 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3480 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3481 3482 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3483 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3484 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3485 expressions = ( 3486 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3487 ) 3488 return f"{this}{expressions}" 3489 3490 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3491 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3492 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3493 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3494 3495 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3496 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3497 3498 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3499 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3500 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3501 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3502 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3503 3504 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3505 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3506 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3507 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3508 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3509 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3510 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3511 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3512 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3513 else: 3514 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3515 else: 3516 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3517 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3518 3519 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3520 table = expression.this 3521 table_alias = "" 3522 3523 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3524 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3525 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3526 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3527 3528 this = self.sql(table) 3529 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3530 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3531 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3532 sep = self.sep() 3533 3534 return self.prepend_ctes( 3535 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3536 ) 3537 3538 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3539 if expression.args.get("format"): 3540 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 3541 3542 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3543 3544 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3545 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3546 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3547 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3548 3549 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3550 if not fmt: 3551 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3552 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3553 3554 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3555 3556 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3557 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3558 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3559 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3560 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3561 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3562 3563 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3564 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3565 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3566 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3567 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3568 3569 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3570 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3571 3572 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3573 return "" 3574 3575 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3576 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3577 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3578 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3579 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3580 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3581 3582 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3583 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3584 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3585 3586 if having: 3587 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3588 3589 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3590 3591 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3592 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3593 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3594 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3595 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3596 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3597 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3598 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3599 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3600 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3601 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3602 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3603 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3604 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3605 3606 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3607 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3608 if key_block_size: 3609 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3610 3611 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3612 if using: 3613 return f"USING {using}" 3614 3615 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3616 if parser: 3617 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3618 3619 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3620 if comment: 3621 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3622 3623 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3624 if visible is not None: 3625 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3626 3627 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3628 if engine_attr: 3629 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3630 3631 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3632 if secondary_engine_attr: 3633 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3634 3635 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3636 return "" 3637 3638 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3639 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3640 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3641 3642 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3643 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3644 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3645 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3646 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3647 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3648 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3649 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3650 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3651 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3652 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3653 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3654 3655 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3656 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3657 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3658 3659 case = exp.Case().when( 3660 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3661 expression.args["true"], 3662 copy=False, 3663 ) 3664 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3665 if else_cond: 3666 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3667 3668 return self.sql(case) 3669 3670 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3671 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3672 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3673 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3674 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3675 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3676 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3677 3678 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3679 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3680 3681 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3682 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3683 3684 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3685 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3686 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3687 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3688 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3689 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3690 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3691 3692 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3693 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3694 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3695 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3696 3697 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3698 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3699 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3700 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3701 3702 def operator_sql(self, expression: exp.Operator) -> str: 3703 return self.binary(expression, f"OPERATOR({self.sql(expression, 'operator')})") 3704 3705 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3706 arg = expression.this 3707 if not arg.type: 3708 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3709 3710 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3711 3712 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3713 return self.sql(arg) 3714 3715 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3716 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3717 3718 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3719 this = expression.this 3720 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3721 return self.sql(this) 3722 3723 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3724 3725 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3726 this = expression.this 3727 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3728 return self.sql(this) 3729 3730 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3731 3732 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3733 this = expression.this 3734 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3735 3736 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3737 return self.sql( 3738 exp.cast( 3739 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3740 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3741 ) 3742 ) 3743 3744 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3745 return self.sql(this) 3746 3747 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3748 3749 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3750 return self.sql( 3751 exp.func( 3752 "DATEDIFF", 3753 expression.this, 3754 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3755 "day", 3756 ) 3757 ) 3758 3759 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3760 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3761 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3762 3763 unit = expression.text("unit") 3764 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3765 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3766 3767 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3768 3769 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3770 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3771 3772 return self.func( 3773 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3774 ) 3775 3776 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3777 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3778 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3779 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3780 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3781 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3782 3783 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3784 3785 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3786 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3787 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3788 3789 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3790 3791 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3792 expression.set( 3793 "expressions", 3794 [ 3795 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3796 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3797 else e 3798 for e in expression.expressions 3799 ], 3800 ) 3801 3802 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3803 3804 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3805 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3806 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3807 3808 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3809 3810 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3811 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3812 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3813 3814 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3815 3816 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3817 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3818 3819 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3820 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3821 3822 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3823 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3824 3825 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3826 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3827 3828 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3829 3830 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 3831 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 3832 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3833 to = expression.this 3834 value = expression.expression 3835 style = expression.args.get("style") 3836 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3837 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3838 3839 if not to or not value: 3840 return "" 3841 3842 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3843 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3844 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3845 3846 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3847 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3848 3849 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3850 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3851 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3852 3853 style_value = style.name 3854 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3855 if not converted_style: 3856 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3857 3858 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3859 3860 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3861 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3862 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3863 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3864 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3865 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3866 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3867 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3868 3869 if not transformed: 3870 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3871 3872 return self.sql(transformed) 3873 3874 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 3875 this = expression.this 3876 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 3877 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3878 return f".{this}" if this else "" 3879 3880 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 3881 return f".{this}" 3882 3883 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3884 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 3885 3886 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 3887 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 3888 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 3889 3890 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 3891 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 3892 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 3893 3894 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 3895 3896 return expression 3897 3898 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 3899 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 3900 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 3901 mods = sorted( 3902 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 3903 key=lambda x: 0 3904 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 3905 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 3906 ) 3907 3908 if mods: 3909 mod = mods[0] 3910 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 3911 this.meta["inline"] = True 3912 mod.this.replace(this) 3913 return self.sql(expression.this) 3914 3915 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 3916 3917 if agg_func: 3918 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 3919 3920 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 3921 3922 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 3923 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 3924 if self.pretty: 3925 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 3926 return string 3927 3928 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3929 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3930 3931 if expression.expressions: 3932 upper = option.upper() 3933 3934 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3935 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3936 3937 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3938 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3939 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3940 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3941 3942 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3943 3944 if not value: 3945 return option 3946 3947 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3948 3949 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 3950 3951 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3952 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3953 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3954 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3955 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3956 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3957 else: 3958 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3959 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3960 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3961 3962 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3963 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3964 3965 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3966 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3967 3968 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3969 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3970 3971 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3972 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3973 3974 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 3975 3976 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3977 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3978 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3979 3980 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3981 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3982 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3983 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3984 3985 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3986 params = self.expressions( 3987 expression, 3988 key="params", 3989 sep=sep, 3990 new_line=True, 3991 skip_last=True, 3992 skip_first=True, 3993 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3994 ) 3995 3996 if params: 3997 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3998 params = f" WITH ({params})" 3999 elif not self.pretty: 4000 params = f" {params}" 4001 4002 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 4003 4004 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 4005 return "" 4006 4007 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4008 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4009 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4010 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4011 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4012 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4013 4014 if filter_col or retention_period: 4015 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4016 4017 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 4018 4019 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4020 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4021 ) -> str: 4022 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4023 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4024 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4025 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4026 4027 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4028 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4029 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4030 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4031 4032 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4033 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4034 4035 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4036 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4037 expr = expression.expression 4038 4039 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4040 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4041 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4042 else: 4043 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4044 4045 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4046 4047 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4048 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4049 return self.sql(expression.this) 4050 4051 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4052 4053 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4054 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4055 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4056 4057 if lower and upper: 4058 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4059 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4060 4061 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4062 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4063 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4064 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4065 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4066 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4067 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4068 4069 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4070 4071 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4072 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4073 4074 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4075 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4076 fill_pattern = "' '" 4077 4078 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4079 4080 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4081 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4082 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4083 4084 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4085 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4086 4087 parent = expression.parent 4088 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4089 parent = parent.parent 4090 4091 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4092 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4093 4094 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4095 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4096 4097 return self.sql(generate_series) 4098 4099 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4100 exprs = expression.expressions 4101 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4102 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4103 else: 4104 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4105 4106 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs) 4107 4108 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4109 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4110 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4111 4112 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4113 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4114 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4115 4116 if source_tz and timestamp: 4117 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4118 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4119 ) 4120 4121 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4122 4123 return self.sql(expr)
logger =
<Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE =
re.compile('\\\\(\\d+)')
class
Generator:
37class Generator(metaclass=_Generator): 38 """ 39 Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string. 40 41 Args: 42 pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. 43 Default: False. 44 identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: 45 False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. 46 True or 'always': Always quote. 47 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive. 48 normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. 49 Default: False. 50 pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of 51 a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. 52 Default: 2. 53 indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the 54 indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. 55 Default: 2. 56 normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: 57 "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. 58 "lower": Convert names to lowercase. 59 False: Disables function name normalization. 60 unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. 61 Default ErrorLevel.WARN. 62 max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. 63 This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. 64 Default: 3 65 leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. 66 This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. 67 Default: False 68 max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. 69 The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true 70 line length. 71 Default: 80 72 comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. 73 Default: True 74 """ 75 76 TRANSFORMS: t.Dict[t.Type[exp.Expression], t.Callable[..., str]] = { 77 **JSON_PATH_PART_TRANSFORMS, 78 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: lambda self, 79 e: f"ALLOWED_VALUES {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}", 80 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: lambda self, e: f"AUTO REFRESH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 81 exp.BackupProperty: lambda self, e: f"BACKUP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 82 exp.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: lambda _, 83 e: f"{'NOT ' if e.args.get('not_') else ''}CASESPECIFIC", 84 exp.CharacterSetColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"CHARACTER SET {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 85 exp.CharacterSetProperty: lambda self, 86 e: f"{'DEFAULT ' if e.args.get('default') else ''}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 87 exp.ClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 88 e: f"CLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 89 exp.CollateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 90 exp.CommentColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"COMMENT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 91 exp.ConnectByRoot: lambda self, e: f"CONNECT_BY_ROOT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 92 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: lambda *_: "COPY GRANTS", 93 exp.DateFormatColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"FORMAT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 94 exp.DefaultColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 95 exp.DynamicProperty: lambda *_: "DYNAMIC", 96 exp.EmptyProperty: lambda *_: "EMPTY", 97 exp.EncodeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ENCODE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 98 exp.EphemeralColumnConstraint: lambda self, 99 e: f"EPHEMERAL{(' ' + self.sql(e, 'this')) if e.this else ''}", 100 exp.ExcludeColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"EXCLUDE {self.sql(e, 'this').lstrip()}", 101 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 102 exp.ExternalProperty: lambda *_: "EXTERNAL", 103 exp.GlobalProperty: lambda *_: "GLOBAL", 104 exp.HeapProperty: lambda *_: "HEAP", 105 exp.IcebergProperty: lambda *_: "ICEBERG", 106 exp.InheritsProperty: lambda self, e: f"INHERITS ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 107 exp.InlineLengthColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"INLINE LENGTH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 108 exp.InputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"INPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 109 exp.IntervalSpan: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} TO {self.sql(e, 'expression')}", 110 exp.LanguageProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 111 exp.LocationProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e), 112 exp.LogProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'NO ' if e.args.get('no') else ''}LOG", 113 exp.MaterializedProperty: lambda *_: "MATERIALIZED", 114 exp.NonClusteredColumnConstraint: lambda self, 115 e: f"NONCLUSTERED ({self.expressions(e, 'this', indent=False)})", 116 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: lambda *_: "NO PRIMARY INDEX", 117 exp.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "NOT FOR REPLICATION", 118 exp.OnCommitProperty: lambda _, 119 e: f"ON COMMIT {'DELETE' if e.args.get('delete') else 'PRESERVE'} ROWS", 120 exp.OnProperty: lambda self, e: f"ON {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 121 exp.OnUpdateColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"ON UPDATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 122 exp.OutputModelProperty: lambda self, e: f"OUTPUT{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 123 exp.PathColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"PATH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 124 exp.PivotAny: lambda self, e: f"ANY{self.sql(e, 'this')}", 125 exp.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint: lambda self, 126 e: f"PROJECTION POLICY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 127 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: lambda self, 128 e: f"REMOTE WITH CONNECTION {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 129 exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: ( 130 "RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT" if e.args.get("null") else self.naked_property(e) 131 ), 132 exp.SampleProperty: lambda self, e: f"SAMPLE BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 133 exp.SecureProperty: lambda *_: "SECURE", 134 exp.SetConfigProperty: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"), 135 exp.SetProperty: lambda _, e: f"{'MULTI' if e.args.get('multi') else ''}SET", 136 exp.SettingsProperty: lambda self, e: f"SETTINGS{self.seg('')}{(self.expressions(e))}", 137 exp.SharingProperty: lambda self, e: f"SHARING={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 138 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 139 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: lambda _, 140 e: f"SQL SECURITY {'DEFINER' if e.args.get('definer') else 'INVOKER'}", 141 exp.StabilityProperty: lambda _, e: e.name, 142 exp.Stream: lambda self, e: f"STREAM {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 143 exp.StreamingTableProperty: lambda *_: "STREAMING", 144 exp.StrictProperty: lambda *_: "STRICT", 145 exp.TemporaryProperty: lambda *_: "TEMPORARY", 146 exp.TagColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TAG ({self.expressions(e, flat=True)})", 147 exp.TitleColumnConstraint: lambda self, e: f"TITLE {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 148 exp.ToMap: lambda self, e: f"MAP {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 149 exp.ToTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"TO {self.sql(e.this)}", 150 exp.TransformModelProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("TRANSFORM", *e.expressions), 151 exp.TransientProperty: lambda *_: "TRANSIENT", 152 exp.UppercaseColumnConstraint: lambda *_: "UPPERCASE", 153 exp.UnloggedProperty: lambda *_: "UNLOGGED", 154 exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: self.func("MAP", e.args["keys"], e.args["values"]), 155 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 156 exp.VolatileProperty: lambda *_: "VOLATILE", 157 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH JOURNAL TABLE={self.sql(e, 'this')}", 158 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: lambda self, e: f"WITH SCHEMA {self.sql(e, 'this')}", 159 exp.WithOperator: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} WITH {self.sql(e, 'op')}", 160 } 161 162 # Whether null ordering is supported in order by 163 # True: Full Support, None: No support, False: No support in window specifications 164 NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: t.Optional[bool] = True 165 166 # Whether ignore nulls is inside the agg or outside. 167 # FIRST(x IGNORE NULLS) OVER vs FIRST (x) IGNORE NULLS OVER 168 IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = False 169 170 # Whether locking reads (i.e. SELECT ... FOR UPDATE/SHARE) are supported 171 LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False 172 173 # Always do <set op> distinct or <set op> all 174 EXPLICIT_SET_OP = False 175 176 # Wrap derived values in parens, usually standard but spark doesn't support it 177 WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES = True 178 179 # Whether create function uses an AS before the RETURN 180 CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS = True 181 182 # Whether MERGE ... WHEN MATCHED BY SOURCE is allowed 183 MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = True 184 185 # Whether the INTERVAL expression works only with values like '1 day' 186 SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL = False 187 188 # Whether the plural form of date parts like day (i.e. "days") is supported in INTERVALs 189 INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = True 190 191 # Whether limit and fetch are supported (possible values: "ALL", "LIMIT", "FETCH") 192 LIMIT_FETCH = "ALL" 193 194 # Whether limit and fetch allows expresions or just limits 195 LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = False 196 197 # Whether a table is allowed to be renamed with a db 198 RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = True 199 200 # The separator for grouping sets and rollups 201 GROUPINGS_SEP = "," 202 203 # The string used for creating an index on a table 204 INDEX_ON = "ON" 205 206 # Whether join hints should be generated 207 JOIN_HINTS = True 208 209 # Whether table hints should be generated 210 TABLE_HINTS = True 211 212 # Whether query hints should be generated 213 QUERY_HINTS = True 214 215 # What kind of separator to use for query hints 216 QUERY_HINT_SEP = ", " 217 218 # Whether comparing against booleans (e.g. x IS TRUE) is supported 219 IS_BOOL_ALLOWED = True 220 221 # Whether to include the "SET" keyword in the "INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" statement 222 DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET = True 223 224 # Whether to generate the limit as TOP <value> instead of LIMIT <value> 225 LIMIT_IS_TOP = False 226 227 # Whether to generate INSERT INTO ... RETURNING or INSERT INTO RETURNING ... 228 RETURNING_END = True 229 230 # Whether to generate an unquoted value for EXTRACT's date part argument 231 EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES = True 232 233 # Whether TIMETZ / TIMESTAMPTZ will be generated using the "WITH TIME ZONE" syntax 234 TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = False 235 236 # Whether the NVL2 function is supported 237 NVL2_SUPPORTED = True 238 239 # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax 240 SELECT_KINDS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("STRUCT", "VALUE") 241 242 # Whether VALUES statements can be used as derived tables. 243 # MySQL 5 and Redshift do not allow this, so when False, it will convert 244 # SELECT * VALUES into SELECT UNION 245 VALUES_AS_TABLE = True 246 247 # Whether the word COLUMN is included when adding a column with ALTER TABLE 248 ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD = True 249 250 # UNNEST WITH ORDINALITY (presto) instead of UNNEST WITH OFFSET (bigquery) 251 UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = True 252 253 # Whether FILTER (WHERE cond) can be used for conditional aggregation 254 AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED = True 255 256 # Whether JOIN sides (LEFT, RIGHT) are supported in conjunction with SEMI/ANTI join kinds 257 SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = True 258 259 # Whether to include the type of a computed column in the CREATE DDL 260 COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE = True 261 262 # Whether CREATE TABLE .. COPY .. is supported. False means we'll generate CLONE instead of COPY 263 SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY = True 264 265 # Whether parentheses are required around the table sample's expression 266 TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS = True 267 268 # Whether a table sample clause's size needs to be followed by the ROWS keyword 269 TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS = True 270 271 # The keyword(s) to use when generating a sample clause 272 TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "TABLESAMPLE" 273 274 # Whether the TABLESAMPLE clause supports a method name, like BERNOULLI 275 TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD = True 276 277 # The keyword to use when specifying the seed of a sample clause 278 TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "SEED" 279 280 # Whether COLLATE is a function instead of a binary operator 281 COLLATE_IS_FUNC = False 282 283 # Whether data types support additional specifiers like e.g. CHAR or BYTE (oracle) 284 DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED = False 285 286 # Whether conditions require booleans WHERE x = 0 vs WHERE x 287 ENSURE_BOOLS = False 288 289 # Whether the "RECURSIVE" keyword is required when defining recursive CTEs 290 CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED = True 291 292 # Whether CONCAT requires >1 arguments 293 SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT = True 294 295 # Whether LAST_DAY function supports a date part argument 296 LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = True 297 298 # Whether named columns are allowed in table aliases 299 SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = True 300 301 # Whether UNPIVOT aliases are Identifiers (False means they're Literals) 302 UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = True 303 304 # What delimiter to use for separating JSON key/value pairs 305 JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ":" 306 307 # INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE x override 308 INSERT_OVERWRITE = " OVERWRITE TABLE" 309 310 # Whether the SELECT .. INTO syntax is used instead of CTAS 311 SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO = False 312 313 # Whether UNLOGGED tables can be created 314 SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES = False 315 316 # Whether the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement is supported 317 SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = True 318 319 # Whether the LikeProperty needs to be specified inside of the schema clause 320 LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA = False 321 322 # Whether DISTINCT can be followed by multiple args in an AggFunc. If not, it will be 323 # transpiled into a series of CASE-WHEN-ELSE, ultimately using a tuple conseisting of the args 324 MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True 325 326 # Whether the JSON extraction operators expect a value of type JSON 327 JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION = False 328 329 # Whether bracketed keys like ["foo"] are supported in JSON paths 330 JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = True 331 332 # Whether to escape keys using single quotes in JSON paths 333 JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE = False 334 335 # The JSONPathPart expressions supported by this dialect 336 SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = ALL_JSON_PATH_PARTS.copy() 337 338 # Whether any(f(x) for x in array) can be implemented by this dialect 339 CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False 340 341 # Whether the function TO_NUMBER is supported 342 SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = True 343 344 # Whether or not set op modifiers apply to the outer set op or select. 345 # SELECT * FROM x UNION SELECT * FROM y LIMIT 1 346 # True means limit 1 happens after the set op, False means it it happens on y. 347 SET_OP_MODIFIERS = True 348 349 # Whether parameters from COPY statement are wrapped in parentheses 350 COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = True 351 352 # Whether values of params are set with "=" token or empty space 353 COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED = False 354 355 # Whether COPY statement has INTO keyword 356 COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = True 357 358 # Whether the conditional TRY(expression) function is supported 359 TRY_SUPPORTED = True 360 361 # Whether the UESCAPE syntax in unicode strings is supported 362 SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = True 363 364 # The keyword to use when generating a star projection with excluded columns 365 STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCEPT" 366 367 # The HEX function name 368 HEX_FUNC = "HEX" 369 370 # The keywords to use when prefixing & separating WITH based properties 371 WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = "WITH" 372 373 # Whether to quote the generated expression of exp.JsonPath 374 QUOTE_JSON_PATH = True 375 376 # Whether the text pattern/fill (3rd) parameter of RPAD()/LPAD() is optional (defaults to space) 377 PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = False 378 379 # Whether a projection can explode into multiple rows, e.g. by unnesting an array. 380 SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS = True 381 382 # Whether ARRAY_CONCAT can be generated with varlen args or if it should be reduced to 2-arg version 383 ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = True 384 385 # Whether CONVERT_TIMEZONE() is supported; if not, it will be generated as exp.AtTimeZone 386 SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = False 387 388 # Whether nullable types can be constructed, e.g. `Nullable(Int64)` 389 SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES = True 390 391 # The name to generate for the JSONPath expression. If `None`, only `this` will be generated 392 PARSE_JSON_NAME: t.Optional[str] = "PARSE_JSON" 393 394 TYPE_MAPPING = { 395 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "CHAR", 396 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "VARCHAR", 397 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMTEXT: "TEXT", 398 exp.DataType.Type.LONGTEXT: "TEXT", 399 exp.DataType.Type.TINYTEXT: "TEXT", 400 exp.DataType.Type.MEDIUMBLOB: "BLOB", 401 exp.DataType.Type.LONGBLOB: "BLOB", 402 exp.DataType.Type.TINYBLOB: "BLOB", 403 exp.DataType.Type.INET: "INET", 404 exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBINARY", 405 } 406 407 TIME_PART_SINGULARS = { 408 "MICROSECONDS": "MICROSECOND", 409 "SECONDS": "SECOND", 410 "MINUTES": "MINUTE", 411 "HOURS": "HOUR", 412 "DAYS": "DAY", 413 "WEEKS": "WEEK", 414 "MONTHS": "MONTH", 415 "QUARTERS": "QUARTER", 416 "YEARS": "YEAR", 417 } 418 419 AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = { 420 "cluster": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "cluster"), 421 "distribute": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "distribute"), 422 "sort": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "sort"), 423 "windows": lambda self, e: ( 424 self.seg("WINDOW ") + self.expressions(e, key="windows", flat=True) 425 if e.args.get("windows") 426 else "" 427 ), 428 "qualify": lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "qualify"), 429 } 430 431 TOKEN_MAPPING: t.Dict[TokenType, str] = {} 432 433 STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("<", ">") 434 435 PARAMETER_TOKEN = "@" 436 NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = ":" 437 438 PROPERTIES_LOCATION = { 439 exp.AllowedValuesProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 440 exp.AlgorithmProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 441 exp.AutoIncrementProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 442 exp.AutoRefreshProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 443 exp.BackupProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 444 exp.BlockCompressionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 445 exp.CharacterSetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 446 exp.ChecksumProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 447 exp.CollateProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 448 exp.CopyGrantsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 449 exp.Cluster: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 450 exp.ClusteredByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 451 exp.DataBlocksizeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 452 exp.DataDeletionProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 453 exp.DefinerProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 454 exp.DictRange: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 455 exp.DictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 456 exp.DynamicProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 457 exp.DistKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 458 exp.DistStyleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 459 exp.EmptyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 460 exp.EngineProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 461 exp.ExecuteAsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 462 exp.ExternalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 463 exp.FallbackProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 464 exp.FileFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 465 exp.FreespaceProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 466 exp.GlobalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 467 exp.HeapProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 468 exp.InheritsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 469 exp.IcebergProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 470 exp.InputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 471 exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 472 exp.JournalProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 473 exp.LanguageProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 474 exp.LikeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 475 exp.LocationProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 476 exp.LockProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 477 exp.LockingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS, 478 exp.LogProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 479 exp.MaterializedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 480 exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 481 exp.NoPrimaryIndexProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 482 exp.OnProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 483 exp.OnCommitProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 484 exp.Order: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 485 exp.OutputModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 486 exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 487 exp.PartitionedOfProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 488 exp.PrimaryKey: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 489 exp.Property: exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH, 490 exp.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 491 exp.ReturnsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 492 exp.RowFormatProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 493 exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 494 exp.RowFormatSerdeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 495 exp.SampleProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 496 exp.SchemaCommentProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 497 exp.SecureProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 498 exp.SerdeProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 499 exp.Set: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 500 exp.SettingsProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 501 exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 502 exp.SetConfigProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 503 exp.SharingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 504 exp.SequenceProperties: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 505 exp.SortKeyProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 506 exp.SqlReadWriteProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 507 exp.SqlSecurityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 508 exp.StabilityProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 509 exp.StreamingTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 510 exp.StrictProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 511 exp.TemporaryProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 512 exp.ToTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 513 exp.TransientProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 514 exp.TransformModelProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 515 exp.MergeTreeTTL: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 516 exp.UnloggedProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 517 exp.ViewAttributeProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 518 exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE, 519 exp.WithDataProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION, 520 exp.WithJournalTableProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_NAME, 521 exp.WithSchemaBindingProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 522 exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA, 523 } 524 525 # Keywords that can't be used as unquoted identifier names 526 RESERVED_KEYWORDS: t.Set[str] = set() 527 528 # Expressions whose comments are separated from them for better formatting 529 WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 530 exp.Command, 531 exp.Create, 532 exp.Delete, 533 exp.Drop, 534 exp.From, 535 exp.Insert, 536 exp.Join, 537 exp.Select, 538 exp.SetOperation, 539 exp.Update, 540 exp.Where, 541 exp.With, 542 ) 543 544 # Expressions that should not have their comments generated in maybe_comment 545 EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 546 exp.Binary, 547 exp.SetOperation, 548 ) 549 550 # Expressions that can remain unwrapped when appearing in the context of an INTERVAL 551 UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: t.Tuple[t.Type[exp.Expression], ...] = ( 552 exp.Column, 553 exp.Literal, 554 exp.Neg, 555 exp.Paren, 556 ) 557 558 PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES = { 559 exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR, 560 exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR, 561 exp.DataType.Type.CHAR, 562 exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR, 563 } 564 565 # Expressions that need to have all CTEs under them bubbled up to them 566 EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES: t.Set[t.Type[exp.Expression]] = set() 567 568 SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK = "__SQLGLOT__LB__" 569 570 __slots__ = ( 571 "pretty", 572 "identify", 573 "normalize", 574 "pad", 575 "_indent", 576 "normalize_functions", 577 "unsupported_level", 578 "max_unsupported", 579 "leading_comma", 580 "max_text_width", 581 "comments", 582 "dialect", 583 "unsupported_messages", 584 "_escaped_quote_end", 585 "_escaped_identifier_end", 586 "_next_name", 587 ) 588 589 def __init__( 590 self, 591 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 592 identify: str | bool = False, 593 normalize: bool = False, 594 pad: int = 2, 595 indent: int = 2, 596 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 597 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 598 max_unsupported: int = 3, 599 leading_comma: bool = False, 600 max_text_width: int = 80, 601 comments: bool = True, 602 dialect: DialectType = None, 603 ): 604 import sqlglot 605 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 606 607 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 608 self.identify = identify 609 self.normalize = normalize 610 self.pad = pad 611 self._indent = indent 612 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 613 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 614 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 615 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 616 self.comments = comments 617 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 618 619 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 620 self.normalize_functions = ( 621 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 622 ) 623 624 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 625 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 626 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 627 ) 628 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 629 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 630 ) 631 632 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t") 633 634 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 635 """ 636 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 637 638 Args: 639 expression: The syntax tree. 640 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 641 it is safer to copy. 642 643 Returns: 644 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 645 """ 646 if copy: 647 expression = expression.copy() 648 649 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 650 651 self.unsupported_messages = [] 652 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 653 654 if self.pretty: 655 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 656 657 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 658 return sql 659 660 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 661 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 662 logger.warning(msg) 663 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 664 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 665 666 return sql 667 668 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 669 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 670 if ( 671 not expression.parent 672 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 673 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 674 ): 675 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 676 677 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 678 679 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 680 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 681 682 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 683 684 return expression 685 686 def unsupported(self, message: str) -> None: 687 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE: 688 raise UnsupportedError(message) 689 self.unsupported_messages.append(message) 690 691 def sep(self, sep: str = " ") -> str: 692 return f"{sep.strip()}\n" if self.pretty else sep 693 694 def seg(self, sql: str, sep: str = " ") -> str: 695 return f"{self.sep(sep)}{sql}" 696 697 def pad_comment(self, comment: str) -> str: 698 comment = " " + comment if comment[0].strip() else comment 699 comment = comment + " " if comment[-1].strip() else comment 700 return comment 701 702 def maybe_comment( 703 self, 704 sql: str, 705 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 706 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 707 separated: bool = False, 708 ) -> str: 709 comments = ( 710 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 711 if self.comments 712 else None 713 ) 714 715 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 716 return sql 717 718 comments_sql = " ".join( 719 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 720 ) 721 722 if not comments_sql: 723 return sql 724 725 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 726 727 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 728 return ( 729 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 730 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 731 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 732 ) 733 734 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}" 735 736 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 737 this_sql = ( 738 self.sql(expression) 739 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 740 else self.sql(expression, "this") 741 ) 742 if not this_sql: 743 return "()" 744 745 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 746 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 747 748 def no_identify(self, func: t.Callable[..., str], *args, **kwargs) -> str: 749 original = self.identify 750 self.identify = False 751 result = func(*args, **kwargs) 752 self.identify = original 753 return result 754 755 def normalize_func(self, name: str) -> str: 756 if self.normalize_functions == "upper" or self.normalize_functions is True: 757 return name.upper() 758 if self.normalize_functions == "lower": 759 return name.lower() 760 return name 761 762 def indent( 763 self, 764 sql: str, 765 level: int = 0, 766 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 767 skip_first: bool = False, 768 skip_last: bool = False, 769 ) -> str: 770 if not self.pretty or not sql: 771 return sql 772 773 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 774 lines = sql.split("\n") 775 776 return "\n".join( 777 ( 778 line 779 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 780 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 781 ) 782 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 783 ) 784 785 def sql( 786 self, 787 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 788 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 789 comment: bool = True, 790 ) -> str: 791 if not expression: 792 return "" 793 794 if isinstance(expression, str): 795 return expression 796 797 if key: 798 value = expression.args.get(key) 799 if value: 800 return self.sql(value) 801 return "" 802 803 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 804 805 if callable(transform): 806 sql = transform(self, expression) 807 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 808 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 809 810 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 811 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 812 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 813 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 814 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 815 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 816 else: 817 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 818 else: 819 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 820 821 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql 822 823 def uncache_sql(self, expression: exp.Uncache) -> str: 824 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 825 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 826 return f"UNCACHE TABLE{exists_sql} {table}" 827 828 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 829 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 830 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 831 options = expression.args.get("options") 832 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 833 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 834 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 835 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 836 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 837 838 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 839 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 840 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 841 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 842 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 843 844 def column_parts(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 845 return ".".join( 846 self.sql(part) 847 for part in ( 848 expression.args.get("catalog"), 849 expression.args.get("db"), 850 expression.args.get("table"), 851 expression.args.get("this"), 852 ) 853 if part 854 ) 855 856 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 857 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 858 859 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 860 join_mark = "" 861 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 862 863 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}" 864 865 def columnposition_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPosition) -> str: 866 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 867 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 868 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 869 return f"{position}{this}" 870 871 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 872 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 873 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 874 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 875 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 876 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 877 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 878 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 879 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 880 881 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 882 kind = "" 883 884 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}" 885 886 def columnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnConstraint) -> str: 887 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 888 kind_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind").strip() 889 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {kind_sql}" if this else kind_sql 890 891 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 892 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 893 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 894 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 895 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 896 persisted = " PERSISTED" 897 else: 898 persisted = "" 899 return f"AS {this}{persisted}" 900 901 def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: 902 return self.token_sql(TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT) 903 904 def compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str: 905 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 906 this = self.wrap(self.expressions(expression, key="this", flat=True)) 907 else: 908 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 909 910 return f"COMPRESS {this}" 911 912 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 913 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 914 ) -> str: 915 this = "" 916 if expression.this is not None: 917 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 918 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 919 920 start = expression.args.get("start") 921 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 922 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 923 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 924 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 925 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 926 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 927 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 928 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 929 cycle_sql = "" 930 931 if cycle is not None: 932 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 933 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 934 935 sequence_opts = "" 936 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 937 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 938 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 939 940 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 941 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 942 943 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}" 944 945 def generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( 946 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint 947 ) -> str: 948 start = "START" if expression.args.get("start") else "END" 949 hidden = " HIDDEN" if expression.args.get("hidden") else "" 950 return f"GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW {start}{hidden}" 951 952 def periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( 953 self, expression: exp.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint 954 ) -> str: 955 return f"PERIOD FOR SYSTEM_TIME ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}, {self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 956 957 def notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str: 958 return f"{'' if expression.args.get('allow_null') else 'NOT '}NULL" 959 960 def transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str: 961 return f"AS {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 962 963 def primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str: 964 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 965 if desc is not None: 966 return f"PRIMARY KEY{' DESC' if desc else ' ASC'}" 967 return "PRIMARY KEY" 968 969 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 970 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 971 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 972 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 973 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 974 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 975 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 976 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 977 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}" 978 979 def createable_sql(self, expression: exp.Create, locations: t.DefaultDict) -> str: 980 return self.sql(expression, "this") 981 982 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 983 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 984 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 985 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 986 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 987 988 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 989 990 properties_sql = "" 991 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 992 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 993 ): 994 properties_sql = self.sql( 995 exp.Properties( 996 expressions=[ 997 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 998 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 999 ] 1000 ) 1001 ) 1002 1003 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1004 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1005 elif not self.pretty: 1006 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1007 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1008 1009 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1010 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1011 1012 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1013 if expression_sql: 1014 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1015 1016 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1017 postalias_props_sql = "" 1018 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1019 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1020 exp.Properties( 1021 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1022 ), 1023 wrapped=False, 1024 ) 1025 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1026 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1027 1028 postindex_props_sql = "" 1029 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1030 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1031 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1032 wrapped=False, 1033 prefix=" ", 1034 ) 1035 1036 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1037 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1038 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1039 1040 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1041 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1042 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1043 1044 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1045 if clustered is None: 1046 clustered_sql = "" 1047 elif clustered: 1048 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1049 else: 1050 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1051 1052 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1053 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1054 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1055 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1056 sep=" ", 1057 prefix=" ", 1058 wrapped=False, 1059 ) 1060 1061 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1062 1063 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1064 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1065 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1066 exp.Properties( 1067 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1068 ), 1069 sep=" ", 1070 prefix=" ", 1071 wrapped=False, 1072 ) 1073 1074 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1075 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1076 no_schema_binding = ( 1077 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1078 ) 1079 1080 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1081 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1082 1083 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1084 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql) 1085 1086 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1087 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1088 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1089 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1090 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1091 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1092 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1093 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1094 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1095 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1096 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1097 1098 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1099 if cache is None: 1100 cache_str = "" 1101 elif cache is True: 1102 cache_str = " CACHE" 1103 else: 1104 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1105 1106 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1107 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1108 1109 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip() 1110 1111 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1112 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1113 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1114 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1115 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}" 1116 1117 def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str: 1118 style = expression.args.get("style") 1119 style = f" {style}" if style else "" 1120 return f"DESCRIBE{style} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1121 1122 def heredoc_sql(self, expression: exp.Heredoc) -> str: 1123 tag = self.sql(expression, "tag") 1124 return f"${tag}${self.sql(expression, 'this')}${tag}$" 1125 1126 def prepend_ctes(self, expression: exp.Expression, sql: str) -> str: 1127 with_ = self.sql(expression, "with") 1128 if with_: 1129 sql = f"{with_}{self.sep()}{sql}" 1130 return sql 1131 1132 def with_sql(self, expression: exp.With) -> str: 1133 sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1134 recursive = ( 1135 "RECURSIVE " 1136 if self.CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED and expression.args.get("recursive") 1137 else "" 1138 ) 1139 1140 return f"WITH {recursive}{sql}" 1141 1142 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1143 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1144 1145 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1146 if materialized is False: 1147 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1148 elif materialized: 1149 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1150 1151 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}" 1152 1153 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1154 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1155 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1156 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1157 1158 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1159 columns = "" 1160 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1161 1162 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1163 alias = self._next_name() 1164 1165 return f"{alias}{columns}" 1166 1167 def bitstring_sql(self, expression: exp.BitString) -> str: 1168 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1169 if self.dialect.BIT_START: 1170 return f"{self.dialect.BIT_START}{this}{self.dialect.BIT_END}" 1171 return f"{int(this, 2)}" 1172 1173 def hexstring_sql(self, expression: exp.HexString) -> str: 1174 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1175 if self.dialect.HEX_START: 1176 return f"{self.dialect.HEX_START}{this}{self.dialect.HEX_END}" 1177 return f"{int(this, 16)}" 1178 1179 def bytestring_sql(self, expression: exp.ByteString) -> str: 1180 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1181 if self.dialect.BYTE_START: 1182 return f"{self.dialect.BYTE_START}{this}{self.dialect.BYTE_END}" 1183 return this 1184 1185 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1186 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1187 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1188 1189 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1190 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1191 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1192 else: 1193 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1194 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1195 1196 if escape: 1197 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1198 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1199 else: 1200 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1201 escape_sql = "" 1202 1203 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1204 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1205 1206 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}" 1207 1208 def rawstring_sql(self, expression: exp.RawString) -> str: 1209 string = self.escape_str(expression.this.replace("\\", "\\\\"), escape_backslash=False) 1210 return f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{string}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 1211 1212 def datatypeparam_sql(self, expression: exp.DataTypeParam) -> str: 1213 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1214 specifier = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1215 specifier = f" {specifier}" if specifier and self.DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED else "" 1216 return f"{this}{specifier}" 1217 1218 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1219 nested = "" 1220 values = "" 1221 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1222 1223 type_value = expression.this 1224 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1225 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1226 elif type_value != exp.DataType.Type.NULLABLE or self.SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES: 1227 type_sql = ( 1228 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1229 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1230 else type_value 1231 ) 1232 else: 1233 return interior 1234 1235 if interior: 1236 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1237 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1238 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1239 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1240 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1241 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1242 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1243 nested = f" {interior}" 1244 else: 1245 nested = f"({interior})" 1246 1247 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1248 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1249 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1250 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1251 ): 1252 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1253 1254 return type_sql 1255 1256 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1257 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1258 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1259 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1260 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}" 1261 1262 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1263 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1264 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1265 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1266 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1267 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1268 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1269 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1270 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1271 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1272 if self.RETURNING_END: 1273 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1274 else: 1275 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1276 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}") 1277 1278 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1279 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1280 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1281 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1282 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1283 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1284 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1285 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1286 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1287 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1288 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1289 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1290 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1291 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1292 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}" 1293 1294 def except_sql(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1295 return self.set_operations(expression) 1296 1297 def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str: 1298 return f"EXCEPT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1299 1300 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1301 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1302 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1303 count = expression.args.get("count") 1304 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1305 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1306 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1307 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1308 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}" 1309 1310 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1311 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1312 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1313 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1314 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1315 1316 agg = expression.this 1317 agg_arg = agg.this 1318 cond = expression.expression.this 1319 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1320 return self.sql(agg) 1321 1322 def hint_sql(self, expression: exp.Hint) -> str: 1323 if not self.QUERY_HINTS: 1324 self.unsupported("Hints are not supported") 1325 return "" 1326 1327 return f" /*+ {self.expressions(expression, sep=self.QUERY_HINT_SEP).strip()} */" 1328 1329 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1330 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1331 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1332 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1333 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1334 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1335 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1336 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1337 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1338 if include: 1339 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1340 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1341 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1342 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1343 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1344 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1345 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1346 1347 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}" 1348 1349 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1350 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1351 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1352 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1353 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1354 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1355 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1356 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1357 1358 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1359 1360 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1361 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}" 1362 1363 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1364 text = expression.name 1365 lower = text.lower() 1366 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1367 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1368 if ( 1369 expression.quoted 1370 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1371 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1372 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1373 ): 1374 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1375 return text 1376 1377 def hex_sql(self, expression: exp.Hex) -> str: 1378 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1379 if self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1380 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1381 1382 return text 1383 1384 def lowerhex_sql(self, expression: exp.LowerHex) -> str: 1385 text = self.func(self.HEX_FUNC, self.sql(expression, "this")) 1386 if not self.dialect.HEX_LOWERCASE: 1387 text = self.func("LOWER", text) 1388 return text 1389 1390 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1391 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1392 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1393 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1394 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1395 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format)) 1396 1397 def national_sql(self, expression: exp.National, prefix: str = "N") -> str: 1398 string = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expression.name)) 1399 return f"{prefix}{string}" 1400 1401 def partition_sql(self, expression: exp.Partition) -> str: 1402 return f"PARTITION({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1403 1404 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1405 root_properties = [] 1406 with_properties = [] 1407 1408 for p in expression.expressions: 1409 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1410 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1411 with_properties.append(p) 1412 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1413 root_properties.append(p) 1414 1415 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1416 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1417 1418 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1419 with_props = " " + with_props 1420 1421 return root_props + with_props 1422 1423 def root_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1424 if properties.expressions: 1425 return self.expressions(properties, indent=False, sep=" ") 1426 return "" 1427 1428 def properties( 1429 self, 1430 properties: exp.Properties, 1431 prefix: str = "", 1432 sep: str = ", ", 1433 suffix: str = "", 1434 wrapped: bool = True, 1435 ) -> str: 1436 if properties.expressions: 1437 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1438 if expressions: 1439 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1440 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1441 return "" 1442 1443 def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str: 1444 return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg(self.WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX, sep="")) 1445 1446 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1447 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1448 for p in properties.expressions: 1449 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1450 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1451 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1452 else: 1453 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1454 1455 return properties_locs 1456 1457 def property_name(self, expression: exp.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str: 1458 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Dot): 1459 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1460 return f"'{expression.name}'" if string_key else expression.name 1461 1462 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1463 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1464 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1465 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1466 1467 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1468 if not property_name: 1469 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1470 1471 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1472 1473 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1474 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1475 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1476 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1477 1478 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1479 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1480 like = f"({like})" 1481 1482 return like 1483 1484 if expression.expressions: 1485 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1486 1487 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1488 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}" 1489 1490 def fallbackproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FallbackProperty) -> str: 1491 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1492 protection = " PROTECTION" if expression.args.get("protection") else "" 1493 return f"{no}FALLBACK{protection}" 1494 1495 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1496 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1497 local = expression.args.get("local") 1498 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1499 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1500 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1501 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1502 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL" 1503 1504 def freespaceproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.FreespaceProperty) -> str: 1505 freespace = self.sql(expression, "this") 1506 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1507 return f"FREESPACE={freespace}{percent}" 1508 1509 def checksumproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ChecksumProperty) -> str: 1510 if expression.args.get("default"): 1511 property = "DEFAULT" 1512 elif expression.args.get("on"): 1513 property = "ON" 1514 else: 1515 property = "OFF" 1516 return f"CHECKSUM={property}" 1517 1518 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1519 if expression.args.get("no"): 1520 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1521 if expression.args.get("default"): 1522 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1523 1524 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1525 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}" 1526 1527 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1528 default = expression.args.get("default") 1529 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1530 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1531 if default or minimum or maximum: 1532 if default: 1533 prop = "DEFAULT" 1534 elif minimum: 1535 prop = "MINIMUM" 1536 else: 1537 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1538 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1539 units = expression.args.get("units") 1540 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1541 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}" 1542 1543 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1544 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1545 always = expression.args.get("always") 1546 default = expression.args.get("default") 1547 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1548 never = expression.args.get("never") 1549 1550 if autotemp is not None: 1551 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1552 elif always: 1553 prop = "ALWAYS" 1554 elif default: 1555 prop = "DEFAULT" 1556 elif manual: 1557 prop = "MANUAL" 1558 elif never: 1559 prop = "NEVER" 1560 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}" 1561 1562 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1563 no = expression.args.get("no") 1564 no = " NO" if no else "" 1565 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1566 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1567 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1568 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1569 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}" 1570 1571 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1572 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1573 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1574 if expression.this: 1575 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1576 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1577 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1578 1579 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1580 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1581 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})" 1582 1583 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1584 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1585 1586 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1587 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1588 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1589 else: 1590 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1591 1592 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}" 1593 1594 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1595 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1596 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1597 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1598 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1599 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1600 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1601 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}" 1602 1603 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1604 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1605 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1606 statistics_sql = "" 1607 if statistics is not None: 1608 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1609 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}" 1610 1611 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1612 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1613 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1614 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1615 data_consistency = ( 1616 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1617 ) 1618 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1619 retention_period = ( 1620 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1621 ) 1622 1623 if this: 1624 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1625 else: 1626 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1627 1628 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1629 1630 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql 1631 1632 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1633 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1634 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1635 1636 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1637 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1638 else: 1639 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1640 1641 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1642 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1643 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1644 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1645 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1646 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1647 if is_function: 1648 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1649 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1650 1651 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1652 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1653 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1654 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1655 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1656 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1657 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1658 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1659 1660 if self.RETURNING_END: 1661 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1662 else: 1663 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1664 1665 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1666 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1667 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1668 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1669 1670 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}" 1671 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1672 1673 def intersect_sql(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1674 return self.set_operations(expression) 1675 1676 def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str: 1677 return f"INTERSECT{'' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}" 1678 1679 def introducer_sql(self, expression: exp.Introducer) -> str: 1680 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1681 1682 def kill_sql(self, expression: exp.Kill) -> str: 1683 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1684 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 1685 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1686 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 1687 return f"KILL{kind}{this}" 1688 1689 def pseudotype_sql(self, expression: exp.PseudoType) -> str: 1690 return expression.name 1691 1692 def objectidentifier_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectIdentifier) -> str: 1693 return expression.name 1694 1695 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1696 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1697 1698 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1699 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1700 1701 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1702 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1703 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1704 1705 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1706 if expressions: 1707 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1708 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1709 1710 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}" 1711 1712 def returning_sql(self, expression: exp.Returning) -> str: 1713 return f"{self.seg('RETURNING')} {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 1714 1715 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1716 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1717 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1718 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1719 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1720 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1721 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1722 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1723 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1724 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1725 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1726 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1727 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1728 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}" 1729 1730 def withtablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.WithTableHint) -> str: 1731 return f"WITH ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1732 1733 def indextablehint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexTableHint) -> str: 1734 this = f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} INDEX" 1735 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1736 target = f" FOR {target}" if target else "" 1737 return f"{this}{target} ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 1738 1739 def historicaldata_sql(self, expression: exp.HistoricalData) -> str: 1740 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1741 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1742 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1743 return f"{this} ({kind} => {expr})" 1744 1745 def table_parts(self, expression: exp.Table) -> str: 1746 return ".".join( 1747 self.sql(part) 1748 for part in ( 1749 expression.args.get("catalog"), 1750 expression.args.get("db"), 1751 expression.args.get("this"), 1752 ) 1753 if part is not None 1754 ) 1755 1756 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1757 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1758 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1759 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1760 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1761 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1762 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1763 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1764 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1765 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1766 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1767 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1768 joins = self.indent( 1769 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1770 ) 1771 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1772 1773 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1774 if file_format: 1775 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1776 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1777 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1778 1779 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1780 if ordinality: 1781 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1782 alias = "" 1783 1784 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1785 if when: 1786 table = f"{table} {when}" 1787 1788 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1789 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1790 1791 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1792 if rows_from: 1793 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1794 1795 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}" 1796 1797 def tablesample_sql( 1798 self, 1799 expression: exp.TableSample, 1800 sep: str = " AS ", 1801 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1802 ) -> str: 1803 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1804 table = expression.this.copy() 1805 table.set("alias", None) 1806 this = self.sql(table) 1807 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1808 else: 1809 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1810 alias = "" 1811 1812 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1813 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1814 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1815 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1816 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1817 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1818 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1819 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1820 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1821 1822 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1823 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1824 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1825 1826 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1827 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1828 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1829 1830 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1831 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1832 expr = f"({expr})" 1833 1834 return ( 1835 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1836 ) 1837 1838 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1839 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1840 1841 if expression.this: 1842 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1843 if not expressions: 1844 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1845 1846 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1847 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1848 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1849 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1850 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1851 1852 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1853 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1854 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1855 1856 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1857 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1858 field = f"IN ({field})" 1859 1860 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1861 if include_nulls is not None: 1862 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1863 else: 1864 nulls = "" 1865 1866 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1867 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1868 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}" 1869 1870 def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str: 1871 this = f"FOR {expression.name}" 1872 kind = expression.text("kind") 1873 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1874 return f"{this} {kind} {expr}" 1875 1876 def tuple_sql(self, expression: exp.Tuple) -> str: 1877 return f"({self.expressions(expression, dynamic=True, new_line=True, skip_first=True, skip_last=True)})" 1878 1879 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1880 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1881 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1882 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1883 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1884 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1885 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1886 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1887 if self.RETURNING_END: 1888 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1889 else: 1890 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1891 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1892 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 1893 1894 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1895 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1896 1897 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1898 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1899 args = self.expressions(expression) 1900 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1901 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1902 values = ( 1903 f"({values})" 1904 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1905 else values 1906 ) 1907 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1908 1909 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1910 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1911 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1912 1913 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1914 1915 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1916 row = tup.expressions 1917 1918 if i == 0 and column_names: 1919 row = [ 1920 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1921 ] 1922 1923 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1924 1925 if self.pretty: 1926 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1927 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1928 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1929 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1930 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1931 1932 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1933 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1934 return f"({unions}){alias}" 1935 1936 def var_sql(self, expression: exp.Var) -> str: 1937 return self.sql(expression, "this") 1938 1939 def into_sql(self, expression: exp.Into) -> str: 1940 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1941 unlogged = " UNLOGGED" if expression.args.get("unlogged") else "" 1942 return f"{self.seg('INTO')}{temporary or unlogged} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1943 1944 def from_sql(self, expression: exp.From) -> str: 1945 return f"{self.seg('FROM')} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1946 1947 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1948 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1949 if group_by_all is True: 1950 modifier = " ALL" 1951 elif group_by_all is False: 1952 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1953 else: 1954 modifier = "" 1955 1956 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1957 1958 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1959 grouping_sets = ( 1960 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1961 ) 1962 1963 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1964 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1965 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1966 else: 1967 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1968 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1969 1970 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1971 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1972 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1973 else: 1974 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1975 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1976 1977 groupings = csv( 1978 grouping_sets, 1979 cube_sql, 1980 rollup_sql, 1981 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1982 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1983 ) 1984 1985 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1986 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1987 1988 return f"{group_by}{groupings}" 1989 1990 def having_sql(self, expression: exp.Having) -> str: 1991 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 1992 return f"{self.seg('HAVING')}{self.sep()}{this}" 1993 1994 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1995 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1996 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1997 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1998 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1999 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 2000 return start + connect 2001 2002 def prior_sql(self, expression: exp.Prior) -> str: 2003 return f"PRIOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2004 2005 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2006 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2007 side = None 2008 else: 2009 side = expression.side 2010 2011 op_sql = " ".join( 2012 op 2013 for op in ( 2014 expression.method, 2015 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2016 side, 2017 expression.kind, 2018 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2019 ) 2020 if op 2021 ) 2022 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2023 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2024 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2025 using = expression.args.get("using") 2026 2027 if not on_sql and using: 2028 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2029 2030 this = expression.this 2031 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2032 2033 if on_sql: 2034 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2035 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2036 if using: 2037 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2038 else: 2039 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2040 elif not op_sql: 2041 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2042 return f" {this_sql}" 2043 2044 return f", {this_sql}" 2045 2046 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2047 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2048 2049 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}" 2050 2051 def lambda_sql(self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->") -> str: 2052 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2053 args = f"({args})" if len(args.split(",")) > 1 else args 2054 return f"{args} {arrow_sep} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2055 2056 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2057 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2058 2059 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2060 if cross_apply is True: 2061 op = "INNER JOIN " 2062 elif cross_apply is False: 2063 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2064 else: 2065 op = "" 2066 2067 return f"{op}LATERAL" 2068 2069 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2070 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2071 2072 if expression.args.get("view"): 2073 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2074 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2075 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2076 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2077 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2078 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2079 2080 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2081 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2082 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}" 2083 2084 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2085 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2086 2087 args = [ 2088 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2089 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2090 if e 2091 ] 2092 2093 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2094 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2095 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2096 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2097 2098 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}" 2099 2100 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2101 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2102 value = expression.expression 2103 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2104 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2105 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2106 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}" 2107 2108 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2109 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2110 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2111 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2112 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2113 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2114 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2115 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2116 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}" 2117 2118 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2119 expressions = ( 2120 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2121 ) 2122 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2123 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}" 2124 2125 def pragma_sql(self, expression: exp.Pragma) -> str: 2126 return f"PRAGMA {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2127 2128 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2129 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2130 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2131 return "" 2132 2133 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2134 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2135 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2136 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2137 2138 if wait is not None: 2139 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2140 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2141 else: 2142 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2143 2144 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}" 2145 2146 def literal_sql(self, expression: exp.Literal) -> str: 2147 text = expression.this or "" 2148 if expression.is_string: 2149 text = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{self.escape_str(text)}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2150 return text 2151 2152 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2153 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2154 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2155 text = "".join( 2156 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2157 ) 2158 2159 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2160 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2161 ) 2162 2163 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2164 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2165 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2166 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2167 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2168 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2169 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2170 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2171 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2172 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2173 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2174 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}" 2175 2176 def null_sql(self, *_) -> str: 2177 return "NULL" 2178 2179 def boolean_sql(self, expression: exp.Boolean) -> str: 2180 return "TRUE" if expression.this else "FALSE" 2181 2182 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2183 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2184 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2185 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2186 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2187 interpolated_values = [ 2188 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2189 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2190 ] 2191 interpolate = ( 2192 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2193 ) 2194 return f"{order}{interpolate}" 2195 2196 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2197 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2198 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2199 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2200 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2201 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2202 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2203 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}" 2204 2205 def cluster_sql(self, expression: exp.Cluster) -> str: 2206 return self.op_expressions("CLUSTER BY", expression) 2207 2208 def distribute_sql(self, expression: exp.Distribute) -> str: 2209 return self.op_expressions("DISTRIBUTE BY", expression) 2210 2211 def sort_sql(self, expression: exp.Sort) -> str: 2212 return self.op_expressions("SORT BY", expression) 2213 2214 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2215 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2216 asc = not desc 2217 2218 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2219 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2220 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2221 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2222 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2223 2224 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2225 2226 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2227 nulls_sort_change = "" 2228 if nulls_first and ( 2229 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2230 ): 2231 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2232 elif ( 2233 nulls_last 2234 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2235 and not nulls_are_last 2236 ): 2237 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2238 2239 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2240 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2241 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2242 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2243 self.unsupported( 2244 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2245 ) 2246 nulls_sort_change = "" 2247 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2248 if expression.this.is_int: 2249 self.unsupported( 2250 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2251 ) 2252 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2253 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2254 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2255 nulls_sort_change = "" 2256 2257 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2258 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2259 2260 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}" 2261 2262 def matchrecognizemeasure_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognizeMeasure) -> str: 2263 window_frame = self.sql(expression, "window_frame") 2264 window_frame = f"{window_frame} " if window_frame else "" 2265 2266 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2267 2268 return f"{window_frame}{this}" 2269 2270 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2271 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2272 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2273 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2274 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2275 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2276 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2277 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2278 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2279 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2280 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2281 definition_sqls = [ 2282 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2283 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2284 ] 2285 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2286 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2287 body = "".join( 2288 ( 2289 partition, 2290 order, 2291 measures, 2292 rows, 2293 after, 2294 pattern, 2295 define, 2296 ) 2297 ) 2298 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2299 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2300 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}" 2301 2302 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2303 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2304 2305 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2306 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2307 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2308 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2309 2310 return csv( 2311 *sqls, 2312 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2313 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2314 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2315 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2316 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2317 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2318 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2319 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2320 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2321 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2322 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2323 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2324 self.options_modifier(expression), 2325 sep="", 2326 ) 2327 2328 def options_modifier(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str: 2329 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 2330 return f" {options}" if options else "" 2331 2332 def queryoption_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryOption) -> str: 2333 return "" 2334 2335 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2336 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2337 ) -> t.List[str]: 2338 return [ 2339 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2340 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2341 ] 2342 2343 def after_limit_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> t.List[str]: 2344 locks = self.expressions(expression, key="locks", sep=" ") 2345 locks = f" {locks}" if locks else "" 2346 return [locks, self.sql(expression, "sample")] 2347 2348 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2349 into = expression.args.get("into") 2350 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2351 into.pop() 2352 2353 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2354 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2355 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2356 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2357 2358 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2359 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2360 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2361 limit.pop() 2362 else: 2363 top = "" 2364 2365 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2366 2367 if kind: 2368 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2369 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2370 else: 2371 if kind == "STRUCT": 2372 expressions = self.expressions( 2373 sqls=[ 2374 self.sql( 2375 exp.Struct( 2376 expressions=[ 2377 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2378 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2379 else e 2380 for e in expression.expressions 2381 ] 2382 ) 2383 ) 2384 ] 2385 ) 2386 kind = "" 2387 2388 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2389 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2390 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2391 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2392 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2393 expression, 2394 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2395 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2396 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2397 ) 2398 2399 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2400 2401 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2402 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2403 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2404 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2405 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2406 else: 2407 table_kind = "" 2408 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2409 2410 return sql 2411 2412 def schema_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2413 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2414 sql = self.schema_columns_sql(expression) 2415 return f"{this} {sql}" if this and sql else this or sql 2416 2417 def schema_columns_sql(self, expression: exp.Schema) -> str: 2418 if expression.expressions: 2419 return f"({self.sep('')}{self.expressions(expression)}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2420 return "" 2421 2422 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2423 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2424 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2425 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2426 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2427 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2428 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2429 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}" 2430 2431 def parameter_sql(self, expression: exp.Parameter) -> str: 2432 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2433 return f"{self.PARAMETER_TOKEN}{this}" 2434 2435 def sessionparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.SessionParameter) -> str: 2436 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2437 kind = expression.text("kind") 2438 if kind: 2439 kind = f"{kind}." 2440 return f"@@{kind}{this}" 2441 2442 def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str: 2443 return f"{self.NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN}{expression.name}" if expression.this else "?" 2444 2445 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2446 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2447 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2448 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2449 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2450 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2451 2452 def qualify_sql(self, expression: exp.Qualify) -> str: 2453 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2454 return f"{self.seg('QUALIFY')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2455 2456 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2457 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2458 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2459 order = expression.args.get("order") 2460 2461 if limit or order: 2462 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2463 2464 if limit: 2465 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2466 if order: 2467 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2468 return self.sql(select) 2469 2470 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2471 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2472 2473 while stack: 2474 node = stack.pop() 2475 2476 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2477 stack.append(node.expression) 2478 stack.append( 2479 self.maybe_comment( 2480 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2481 comments=node.comments, 2482 separated=True, 2483 ) 2484 ) 2485 stack.append(node.this) 2486 else: 2487 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2488 2489 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2490 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2491 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this) 2492 2493 def union_sql(self, expression: exp.Union) -> str: 2494 return self.set_operations(expression) 2495 2496 def union_op(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2497 kind = " DISTINCT" if self.EXPLICIT_SET_OP else "" 2498 kind = kind if expression.args.get("distinct") else " ALL" 2499 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 2500 return f"UNION{kind}{by_name}" 2501 2502 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2503 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2504 2505 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2506 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2507 2508 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2509 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2510 alias.append("columns", offset) 2511 2512 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2513 columns = alias.columns 2514 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2515 else: 2516 alias = self.sql(alias) 2517 2518 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2519 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2520 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2521 else: 2522 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2523 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2524 elif offset: 2525 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2526 else: 2527 suffix = alias 2528 2529 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}" 2530 2531 def prewhere_sql(self, expression: exp.PreWhere) -> str: 2532 return "" 2533 2534 def where_sql(self, expression: exp.Where) -> str: 2535 this = self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")) 2536 return f"{self.seg('WHERE')}{self.sep()}{this}" 2537 2538 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2539 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2540 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2541 order = expression.args.get("order") 2542 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2543 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2544 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2545 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2546 2547 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2548 2549 first = expression.args.get("first") 2550 if first is None: 2551 first = "" 2552 else: 2553 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2554 2555 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2556 return f"{this} {alias}" 2557 2558 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2559 return f"{this} ({args})" 2560 2561 def partition_by_sql(self, expression: exp.Window | exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2562 partition = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 2563 return f"PARTITION BY {partition}" if partition else "" 2564 2565 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2566 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2567 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2568 end = ( 2569 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2570 or "CURRENT ROW" 2571 ) 2572 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}" 2573 2574 def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str: 2575 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2576 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")[1:] # order has a leading space 2577 return f"{this} WITHIN GROUP ({expression_sql})" 2578 2579 def between_sql(self, expression: exp.Between) -> str: 2580 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2581 low = self.sql(expression, "low") 2582 high = self.sql(expression, "high") 2583 return f"{this} BETWEEN {low} AND {high}" 2584 2585 def bracket_offset_expressions(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2586 return apply_index_offset( 2587 expression.this, 2588 expression.expressions, 2589 self.dialect.INDEX_OFFSET - expression.args.get("offset", 0), 2590 ) 2591 2592 def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str: 2593 expressions = self.bracket_offset_expressions(expression) 2594 expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions) 2595 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}[{expressions_sql}]" 2596 2597 def all_sql(self, expression: exp.All) -> str: 2598 return f"ALL {self.wrap(expression)}" 2599 2600 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2601 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2602 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2603 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2604 this = self.wrap(this) 2605 return f"ANY{this}" 2606 return f"ANY {this}" 2607 2608 def exists_sql(self, expression: exp.Exists) -> str: 2609 return f"EXISTS{self.wrap(expression)}" 2610 2611 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2612 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2613 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2614 2615 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2616 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2617 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2618 2619 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2620 2621 if default: 2622 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2623 2624 statements.append("END") 2625 2626 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2627 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2628 2629 return " ".join(statements) 2630 2631 def constraint_sql(self, expression: exp.Constraint) -> str: 2632 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2633 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2634 return f"CONSTRAINT {this} {expressions}" 2635 2636 def nextvaluefor_sql(self, expression: exp.NextValueFor) -> str: 2637 order = expression.args.get("order") 2638 order = f" OVER ({self.order_sql(order, flat=True)})" if order else "" 2639 return f"NEXT VALUE FOR {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{order}" 2640 2641 def extract_sql(self, expression: exp.Extract) -> str: 2642 this = self.sql(expression, "this") if self.EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES else expression.this.name 2643 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2644 return f"EXTRACT({this} FROM {expression_sql})" 2645 2646 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2647 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2648 2649 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2650 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2651 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2652 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2653 else: 2654 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression) 2655 2656 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2657 args = expression.expressions 2658 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2659 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2660 2661 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2662 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2663 2664 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2665 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2666 2667 return args 2668 2669 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2670 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2671 2672 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2673 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2674 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2675 2676 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions) 2677 2678 def concatws_sql(self, expression: exp.ConcatWs) -> str: 2679 return self.func( 2680 "CONCAT_WS", seq_get(expression.expressions, 0), *self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2681 ) 2682 2683 def check_sql(self, expression: exp.Check) -> str: 2684 this = self.sql(expression, key="this") 2685 return f"CHECK ({this})" 2686 2687 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2688 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2689 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2690 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2691 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2692 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2693 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2694 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2695 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}" 2696 2697 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2698 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2699 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2700 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2701 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}" 2702 2703 def if_sql(self, expression: exp.If) -> str: 2704 return self.case_sql(exp.Case(ifs=[expression], default=expression.args.get("false"))) 2705 2706 def matchagainst_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchAgainst) -> str: 2707 modifier = expression.args.get("modifier") 2708 modifier = f" {modifier}" if modifier else "" 2709 return f"{self.func('MATCH', *expression.expressions)} AGAINST({self.sql(expression, 'this')}{modifier})" 2710 2711 def jsonkeyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONKeyValue) -> str: 2712 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{self.JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 2713 2714 def jsonpath_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPath) -> str: 2715 path = self.expressions(expression, sep="", flat=True).lstrip(".") 2716 if self.QUOTE_JSON_PATH: 2717 path = f"{self.dialect.QUOTE_START}{path}{self.dialect.QUOTE_END}" 2718 2719 return path 2720 2721 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2722 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2723 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2724 if not callable(transform): 2725 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2726 return "" 2727 2728 return transform(self, expression) 2729 2730 if isinstance(expression, int): 2731 return str(expression) 2732 2733 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2734 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2735 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2736 else: 2737 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2738 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2739 2740 return escaped 2741 2742 def formatjson_sql(self, expression: exp.FormatJson) -> str: 2743 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} FORMAT JSON" 2744 2745 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2746 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2747 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2748 2749 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2750 if unique_keys is not None: 2751 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2752 else: 2753 unique_keys = "" 2754 2755 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2756 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2757 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2758 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2759 2760 return self.func( 2761 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2762 *expression.expressions, 2763 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2764 ) 2765 2766 def jsonobjectagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2767 return self.jsonobject_sql(expression) 2768 2769 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2770 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2771 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2772 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2773 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2774 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2775 return self.func( 2776 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2777 ) 2778 2779 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2780 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2781 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2782 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2783 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2784 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2785 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2786 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2787 return self.func( 2788 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2789 this, 2790 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2791 ) 2792 2793 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2794 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2795 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2796 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2797 2798 if nested_schema: 2799 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2800 2801 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2802 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2803 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2804 return f"{this}{kind}{path}" 2805 2806 def jsonschema_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONSchema) -> str: 2807 return self.func("COLUMNS", *expression.expressions) 2808 2809 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2810 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2811 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2812 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2813 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2814 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2815 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2816 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2817 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2818 return self.func( 2819 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2820 ) 2821 2822 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2823 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2824 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2825 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2826 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2827 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2828 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}" 2829 2830 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2831 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2832 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2833 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2834 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2835 with_ = ( 2836 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2837 if expressions 2838 else "" 2839 ) 2840 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}" 2841 2842 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2843 query = expression.args.get("query") 2844 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2845 field = expression.args.get("field") 2846 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2847 2848 if query: 2849 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2850 elif unnest: 2851 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2852 elif field: 2853 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2854 else: 2855 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2856 2857 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}" 2858 2859 def in_unnest_op(self, unnest: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2860 return f"(SELECT {self.sql(unnest)})" 2861 2862 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2863 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2864 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2865 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2866 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2867 2868 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2869 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2870 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2871 2872 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2873 if this: 2874 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2875 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2876 2877 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}" 2878 2879 def return_sql(self, expression: exp.Return) -> str: 2880 return f"RETURN {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2881 2882 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2883 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2884 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2885 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2886 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2887 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2888 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}" 2889 2890 def anonymous_sql(self, expression: exp.Anonymous) -> str: 2891 return self.func(self.sql(expression, "this"), *expression.expressions) 2892 2893 def paren_sql(self, expression: exp.Paren) -> str: 2894 sql = self.seg(self.indent(self.sql(expression, "this")), sep="") 2895 return f"({sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2896 2897 def neg_sql(self, expression: exp.Neg) -> str: 2898 # This makes sure we don't convert "- - 5" to "--5", which is a comment 2899 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 2900 sep = " " if this_sql[0] == "-" else "" 2901 return f"-{sep}{this_sql}" 2902 2903 def not_sql(self, expression: exp.Not) -> str: 2904 return f"NOT {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2905 2906 def alias_sql(self, expression: exp.Alias) -> str: 2907 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2908 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2909 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{alias}" 2910 2911 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2912 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2913 2914 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2915 literal_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Literal) 2916 2917 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2918 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2919 elif not identifier_alias and literal_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2920 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2921 2922 return self.alias_sql(expression) 2923 2924 def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str: 2925 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS ({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2926 2927 def atindex_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2928 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2929 index = self.sql(expression, "expression") 2930 return f"{this} AT {index}" 2931 2932 def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str: 2933 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2934 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2935 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone}" 2936 2937 def fromtimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.FromTimeZone) -> str: 2938 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2939 zone = self.sql(expression, "zone") 2940 return f"{this} AT TIME ZONE {zone} AT TIME ZONE 'UTC'" 2941 2942 def add_sql(self, expression: exp.Add) -> str: 2943 return self.binary(expression, "+") 2944 2945 def and_sql( 2946 self, expression: exp.And, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2947 ) -> str: 2948 return self.connector_sql(expression, "AND", stack) 2949 2950 def or_sql( 2951 self, expression: exp.Or, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2952 ) -> str: 2953 return self.connector_sql(expression, "OR", stack) 2954 2955 def xor_sql( 2956 self, expression: exp.Xor, stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None 2957 ) -> str: 2958 return self.connector_sql(expression, "XOR", stack) 2959 2960 def connector_sql( 2961 self, 2962 expression: exp.Connector, 2963 op: str, 2964 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2965 ) -> str: 2966 if stack is not None: 2967 if expression.expressions: 2968 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2969 else: 2970 stack.append(expression.right) 2971 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2972 for comment in expression.comments: 2973 if comment: 2974 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2975 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2976 return op 2977 2978 stack = [expression] 2979 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2980 ops = set() 2981 2982 while stack: 2983 node = stack.pop() 2984 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2985 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2986 else: 2987 sql = self.sql(node) 2988 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2989 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2990 else: 2991 sqls.append(sql) 2992 2993 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2994 return sep.join(sqls) 2995 2996 def bitwiseand_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseAnd) -> str: 2997 return self.binary(expression, "&") 2998 2999 def bitwiseleftshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseLeftShift) -> str: 3000 return self.binary(expression, "<<") 3001 3002 def bitwisenot_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseNot) -> str: 3003 return f"~{self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3004 3005 def bitwiseor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseOr) -> str: 3006 return self.binary(expression, "|") 3007 3008 def bitwiserightshift_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseRightShift) -> str: 3009 return self.binary(expression, ">>") 3010 3011 def bitwisexor_sql(self, expression: exp.BitwiseXor) -> str: 3012 return self.binary(expression, "^") 3013 3014 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3015 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3016 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3017 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3018 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3019 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3020 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3021 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})" 3022 3023 def currentdate_sql(self, expression: exp.CurrentDate) -> str: 3024 zone = self.sql(expression, "this") 3025 return f"CURRENT_DATE({zone})" if zone else "CURRENT_DATE" 3026 3027 def collate_sql(self, expression: exp.Collate) -> str: 3028 if self.COLLATE_IS_FUNC: 3029 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3030 return self.binary(expression, "COLLATE") 3031 3032 def command_sql(self, expression: exp.Command) -> str: 3033 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {expression.text('expression').strip()}" 3034 3035 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3036 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3037 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3038 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3039 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3040 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3041 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}" 3042 3043 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3044 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3045 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3046 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3047 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3048 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3049 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3050 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3051 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3052 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}" 3053 3054 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3055 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3056 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3057 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3058 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3059 3060 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3061 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3062 3063 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}" 3064 3065 def transaction_sql(self, expression: exp.Transaction) -> str: 3066 return "BEGIN" 3067 3068 def commit_sql(self, expression: exp.Commit) -> str: 3069 chain = expression.args.get("chain") 3070 if chain is not None: 3071 chain = " AND CHAIN" if chain else " AND NO CHAIN" 3072 3073 return f"COMMIT{chain or ''}" 3074 3075 def rollback_sql(self, expression: exp.Rollback) -> str: 3076 savepoint = expression.args.get("savepoint") 3077 savepoint = f" TO {savepoint}" if savepoint else "" 3078 return f"ROLLBACK{savepoint}" 3079 3080 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3081 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3082 3083 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3084 if dtype: 3085 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3086 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3087 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3088 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3089 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3090 3091 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3092 if default: 3093 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3094 3095 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3096 if comment: 3097 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3098 3099 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3100 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3101 3102 if not drop and not allow_null: 3103 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3104 3105 if allow_null is not None: 3106 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3107 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3108 3109 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT" 3110 3111 def alterdiststyle_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterDistStyle) -> str: 3112 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3113 if not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Var): 3114 this = f"KEY DISTKEY {this}" 3115 return f"ALTER DISTSTYLE {this}" 3116 3117 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3118 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3119 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3120 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3121 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3122 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}" 3123 3124 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3125 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3126 # Remove db from tables 3127 expression = expression.transform( 3128 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3129 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3130 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3131 return f"RENAME TO {this}" 3132 3133 def renamecolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameColumn) -> str: 3134 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3135 old_column = self.sql(expression, "this") 3136 new_column = self.sql(expression, "to") 3137 return f"RENAME COLUMN{exists} {old_column} TO {new_column}" 3138 3139 def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str: 3140 exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3141 return f"SET {exprs}" 3142 3143 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3144 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3145 3146 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3147 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3148 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3149 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3150 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3151 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3152 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3153 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3154 else: 3155 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3156 3157 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3158 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3159 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3160 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3161 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3162 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3163 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3164 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}" 3165 3166 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3167 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3168 return self.expressions( 3169 expression, 3170 key="actions", 3171 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3172 skip_first=True, 3173 ) 3174 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}" 3175 3176 def droppartition_sql(self, expression: exp.DropPartition) -> str: 3177 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 3178 exists = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3179 return f"DROP{exists}{expressions}" 3180 3181 def addconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.AddConstraint) -> str: 3182 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression)}" 3183 3184 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3185 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3186 3187 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3188 case = exp.case() 3189 for arg in expression.expressions: 3190 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3191 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3192 3193 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3194 3195 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3196 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3197 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}" 3198 3199 def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str: 3200 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "IGNORE NULLS") 3201 3202 def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str: 3203 return self._embed_ignore_nulls(expression, "RESPECT NULLS") 3204 3205 def havingmax_sql(self, expression: exp.HavingMax) -> str: 3206 this_sql = self.sql(expression, "this") 3207 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3208 kind = "MAX" if expression.args.get("max") else "MIN" 3209 return f"{this_sql} HAVING {kind} {expression_sql}" 3210 3211 def intdiv_sql(self, expression: exp.IntDiv) -> str: 3212 return self.sql( 3213 exp.Cast( 3214 this=exp.Div(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression), 3215 to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.INT), 3216 ) 3217 ) 3218 3219 def dpipe_sql(self, expression: exp.DPipe) -> str: 3220 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 3221 return self.func( 3222 "CONCAT", *(exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in expression.flatten()) 3223 ) 3224 return self.binary(expression, "||") 3225 3226 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3227 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3228 3229 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3230 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3231 3232 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3233 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3234 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3235 3236 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3237 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3238 return self.sql( 3239 exp.cast( 3240 l / r, 3241 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3242 ) 3243 ) 3244 3245 return self.binary(expression, "/") 3246 3247 def overlaps_sql(self, expression: exp.Overlaps) -> str: 3248 return self.binary(expression, "OVERLAPS") 3249 3250 def distance_sql(self, expression: exp.Distance) -> str: 3251 return self.binary(expression, "<->") 3252 3253 def dot_sql(self, expression: exp.Dot) -> str: 3254 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}.{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3255 3256 def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str: 3257 return self.binary(expression, "=") 3258 3259 def propertyeq_sql(self, expression: exp.PropertyEQ) -> str: 3260 return self.binary(expression, ":=") 3261 3262 def escape_sql(self, expression: exp.Escape) -> str: 3263 return self.binary(expression, "ESCAPE") 3264 3265 def glob_sql(self, expression: exp.Glob) -> str: 3266 return self.binary(expression, "GLOB") 3267 3268 def gt_sql(self, expression: exp.GT) -> str: 3269 return self.binary(expression, ">") 3270 3271 def gte_sql(self, expression: exp.GTE) -> str: 3272 return self.binary(expression, ">=") 3273 3274 def ilike_sql(self, expression: exp.ILike) -> str: 3275 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE") 3276 3277 def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str: 3278 return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY") 3279 3280 def is_sql(self, expression: exp.Is) -> str: 3281 if not self.IS_BOOL_ALLOWED and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Boolean): 3282 return self.sql( 3283 expression.this if expression.expression.this else exp.not_(expression.this) 3284 ) 3285 return self.binary(expression, "IS") 3286 3287 def like_sql(self, expression: exp.Like) -> str: 3288 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE") 3289 3290 def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str: 3291 return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY") 3292 3293 def similarto_sql(self, expression: exp.SimilarTo) -> str: 3294 return self.binary(expression, "SIMILAR TO") 3295 3296 def lt_sql(self, expression: exp.LT) -> str: 3297 return self.binary(expression, "<") 3298 3299 def lte_sql(self, expression: exp.LTE) -> str: 3300 return self.binary(expression, "<=") 3301 3302 def mod_sql(self, expression: exp.Mod) -> str: 3303 return self.binary(expression, "%") 3304 3305 def mul_sql(self, expression: exp.Mul) -> str: 3306 return self.binary(expression, "*") 3307 3308 def neq_sql(self, expression: exp.NEQ) -> str: 3309 return self.binary(expression, "<>") 3310 3311 def nullsafeeq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeEQ) -> str: 3312 return self.binary(expression, "IS NOT DISTINCT FROM") 3313 3314 def nullsafeneq_sql(self, expression: exp.NullSafeNEQ) -> str: 3315 return self.binary(expression, "IS DISTINCT FROM") 3316 3317 def slice_sql(self, expression: exp.Slice) -> str: 3318 return self.binary(expression, ":") 3319 3320 def sub_sql(self, expression: exp.Sub) -> str: 3321 return self.binary(expression, "-") 3322 3323 def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str: 3324 return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="TRY_") 3325 3326 def try_sql(self, expression: exp.Try) -> str: 3327 if not self.TRY_SUPPORTED: 3328 self.unsupported("Unsupported TRY function") 3329 return self.sql(expression, "this") 3330 3331 return self.func("TRY", expression.this) 3332 3333 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3334 this = expression.this 3335 expr = expression.expression 3336 3337 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3338 this, expr = expr, this 3339 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3340 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3341 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3342 3343 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3344 3345 return self.func("LOG", this, expr) 3346 3347 def use_sql(self, expression: exp.Use) -> str: 3348 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3349 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 3350 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3351 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3352 return f"USE{kind}{this}" 3353 3354 def binary(self, expression: exp.Binary, op: str) -> str: 3355 op = self.maybe_comment(op, comments=expression.comments) 3356 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {op} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3357 3358 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3359 args = [] 3360 3361 for key in expression.arg_types: 3362 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3363 3364 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3365 for value in arg_value: 3366 args.append(value) 3367 elif arg_value is not None: 3368 args.append(arg_value) 3369 3370 if self.normalize_functions: 3371 name = expression.sql_name() 3372 else: 3373 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3374 3375 return self.func(name, *args) 3376 3377 def func( 3378 self, 3379 name: str, 3380 *args: t.Optional[exp.Expression | str], 3381 prefix: str = "(", 3382 suffix: str = ")", 3383 ) -> str: 3384 return f"{self.normalize_func(name)}{prefix}{self.format_args(*args)}{suffix}" 3385 3386 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3387 arg_sqls = tuple( 3388 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3389 ) 3390 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3391 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3392 return ", ".join(arg_sqls) 3393 3394 def too_wide(self, args: t.Iterable) -> bool: 3395 return sum(len(arg) for arg in args) > self.max_text_width 3396 3397 def format_time( 3398 self, 3399 expression: exp.Expression, 3400 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3401 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3402 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3403 return format_time( 3404 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3405 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3406 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3407 ) 3408 3409 def expressions( 3410 self, 3411 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3412 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3413 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3414 flat: bool = False, 3415 indent: bool = True, 3416 skip_first: bool = False, 3417 skip_last: bool = False, 3418 sep: str = ", ", 3419 prefix: str = "", 3420 dynamic: bool = False, 3421 new_line: bool = False, 3422 ) -> str: 3423 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3424 3425 if not expressions: 3426 return "" 3427 3428 if flat: 3429 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3430 3431 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3432 result_sqls = [] 3433 3434 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3435 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3436 if not sql: 3437 continue 3438 3439 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3440 3441 if self.pretty: 3442 if self.leading_comma: 3443 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3444 else: 3445 result_sqls.append( 3446 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3447 ) 3448 else: 3449 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3450 3451 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3452 if new_line: 3453 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3454 result_sqls.append("") 3455 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3456 else: 3457 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3458 return ( 3459 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3460 if indent 3461 else result_sql 3462 ) 3463 3464 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3465 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3466 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3467 if flat: 3468 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3469 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}" 3470 3471 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3472 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3473 if not property_name: 3474 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3475 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 3476 3477 def tag_sql(self, expression: exp.Tag) -> str: 3478 return f"{expression.args.get('prefix')}{self.sql(expression.this)}{expression.args.get('postfix')}" 3479 3480 def token_sql(self, token_type: TokenType) -> str: 3481 return self.TOKEN_MAPPING.get(token_type, token_type.name) 3482 3483 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3484 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3485 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3486 expressions = ( 3487 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3488 ) 3489 return f"{this}{expressions}" 3490 3491 def joinhint_sql(self, expression: exp.JoinHint) -> str: 3492 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3493 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3494 return f"{this}({expressions})" 3495 3496 def kwarg_sql(self, expression: exp.Kwarg) -> str: 3497 return self.binary(expression, "=>") 3498 3499 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3500 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3501 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3502 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3503 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3504 3505 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3506 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3507 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3508 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3509 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3510 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3511 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3512 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3513 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3514 else: 3515 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3516 else: 3517 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3518 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}" 3519 3520 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3521 table = expression.this 3522 table_alias = "" 3523 3524 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3525 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3526 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3527 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3528 3529 this = self.sql(table) 3530 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3531 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3532 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3533 sep = self.sep() 3534 3535 return self.prepend_ctes( 3536 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3537 ) 3538 3539 def tochar_sql(self, expression: exp.ToChar) -> str: 3540 if expression.args.get("format"): 3541 self.unsupported("Format argument unsupported for TO_CHAR/TO_VARCHAR function") 3542 3543 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT)) 3544 3545 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3546 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3547 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3548 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3549 3550 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3551 if not fmt: 3552 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3553 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3554 3555 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt) 3556 3557 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3558 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3559 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3560 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3561 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3562 return f"{this}({kind}{args})" 3563 3564 def dictrange_sql(self, expression: exp.DictRange) -> str: 3565 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3566 max = self.sql(expression, "max") 3567 min = self.sql(expression, "min") 3568 return f"{this}(MIN {min} MAX {max})" 3569 3570 def dictsubproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictSubProperty) -> str: 3571 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 3572 3573 def oncluster_sql(self, expression: exp.OnCluster) -> str: 3574 return "" 3575 3576 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3577 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3578 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3579 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3580 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3581 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS" 3582 3583 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3584 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3585 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3586 3587 if having: 3588 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3589 3590 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this) 3591 3592 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3593 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3594 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3595 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3596 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3597 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3598 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3599 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3600 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3601 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3602 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3603 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3604 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3605 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}" 3606 3607 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3608 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3609 if key_block_size: 3610 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3611 3612 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3613 if using: 3614 return f"USING {using}" 3615 3616 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3617 if parser: 3618 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3619 3620 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3621 if comment: 3622 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3623 3624 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3625 if visible is not None: 3626 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3627 3628 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3629 if engine_attr: 3630 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3631 3632 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3633 if secondary_engine_attr: 3634 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3635 3636 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3637 return "" 3638 3639 def checkcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.CheckColumnConstraint) -> str: 3640 enforced = " ENFORCED" if expression.args.get("enforced") else "" 3641 return f"CHECK ({self.sql(expression, 'this')}){enforced}" 3642 3643 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3644 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3645 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3646 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3647 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3648 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3649 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3650 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3651 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3652 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3653 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3654 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}" 3655 3656 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3657 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3658 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3659 3660 case = exp.Case().when( 3661 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3662 expression.args["true"], 3663 copy=False, 3664 ) 3665 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3666 if else_cond: 3667 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3668 3669 return self.sql(case) 3670 3671 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3672 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3673 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3674 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3675 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3676 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3677 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}" 3678 3679 def columnprefix_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnPrefix) -> str: 3680 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}({self.sql(expression, 'expression')})" 3681 3682 def opclass_sql(self, expression: exp.Opclass) -> str: 3683 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 3684 3685 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3686 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3687 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3688 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3689 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3690 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3691 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None) 3692 3693 def forin_sql(self, expression: exp.ForIn) -> str: 3694 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3695 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3696 return f"FOR {this} DO {expression_sql}" 3697 3698 def refresh_sql(self, expression: exp.Refresh) -> str: 3699 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3700 table = "" if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Literal) else "TABLE " 3701 return f"REFRESH {table}{this}" 3702 3703 def operator_sql(self, expression: exp.Operator) -> str: 3704 return self.binary(expression, f"OPERATOR({self.sql(expression, 'operator')})") 3705 3706 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3707 arg = expression.this 3708 if not arg.type: 3709 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3710 3711 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3712 3713 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3714 return self.sql(arg) 3715 3716 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3717 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False))) 3718 3719 def tsordstotime_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTime) -> str: 3720 this = expression.this 3721 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTime) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIME): 3722 return self.sql(this) 3723 3724 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)) 3725 3726 def tsordstotimestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) -> str: 3727 this = expression.this 3728 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToTimestamp) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP): 3729 return self.sql(this) 3730 3731 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)) 3732 3733 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3734 this = expression.this 3735 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3736 3737 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3738 return self.sql( 3739 exp.cast( 3740 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3741 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3742 ) 3743 ) 3744 3745 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3746 return self.sql(this) 3747 3748 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)) 3749 3750 def unixdate_sql(self, expression: exp.UnixDate) -> str: 3751 return self.sql( 3752 exp.func( 3753 "DATEDIFF", 3754 expression.this, 3755 exp.cast(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01"), exp.DataType.Type.DATE), 3756 "day", 3757 ) 3758 ) 3759 3760 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3761 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3762 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3763 3764 unit = expression.text("unit") 3765 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3766 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3767 3768 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this) 3769 3770 def dateadd_sql(self, expression: exp.DateAdd) -> str: 3771 from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import unit_to_str 3772 3773 return self.func( 3774 "DATE_ADD", expression.this, expression.expression, unit_to_str(expression) 3775 ) 3776 3777 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3778 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3779 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3780 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3781 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3782 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3783 3784 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3785 3786 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3787 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3788 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3789 3790 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3791 3792 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3793 expression.set( 3794 "expressions", 3795 [ 3796 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3797 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3798 else e 3799 for e in expression.expressions 3800 ], 3801 ) 3802 3803 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3804 3805 def partitionrange_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionRange) -> str: 3806 low = self.sql(expression, "this") 3807 high = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3808 3809 return f"{low} TO {high}" 3810 3811 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3812 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3813 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3814 3815 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3816 3817 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3818 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3819 3820 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3821 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3822 3823 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3824 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3825 3826 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3827 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3828 3829 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}" 3830 3831 # This transpiles T-SQL's CONVERT function 3832 # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/cast-and-convert-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16 3833 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3834 to = expression.this 3835 value = expression.expression 3836 style = expression.args.get("style") 3837 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3838 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3839 3840 if not to or not value: 3841 return "" 3842 3843 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3844 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3845 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3846 3847 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3848 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3849 3850 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3851 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3852 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3853 3854 style_value = style.name 3855 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3856 if not converted_style: 3857 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3858 3859 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3860 3861 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3862 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3863 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3864 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3865 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3866 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3867 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3868 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3869 3870 if not transformed: 3871 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3872 3873 return self.sql(transformed) 3874 3875 def _jsonpathkey_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathKey) -> str: 3876 this = expression.this 3877 if isinstance(this, exp.JSONPathWildcard): 3878 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3879 return f".{this}" if this else "" 3880 3881 if exp.SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(this): 3882 return f".{this}" 3883 3884 this = self.json_path_part(this) 3885 return f"[{this}]" if self.JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED else f".{this}" 3886 3887 def _jsonpathsubscript_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONPathSubscript) -> str: 3888 this = self.json_path_part(expression.this) 3889 return f"[{this}]" if this else "" 3890 3891 def _simplify_unless_literal(self, expression: E) -> E: 3892 if not isinstance(expression, exp.Literal): 3893 from sqlglot.optimizer.simplify import simplify 3894 3895 expression = simplify(expression, dialect=self.dialect) 3896 3897 return expression 3898 3899 def _embed_ignore_nulls(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls | exp.RespectNulls, text: str) -> str: 3900 if self.IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC and not expression.meta.get("inline"): 3901 # The first modifier here will be the one closest to the AggFunc's arg 3902 mods = sorted( 3903 expression.find_all(exp.HavingMax, exp.Order, exp.Limit), 3904 key=lambda x: 0 3905 if isinstance(x, exp.HavingMax) 3906 else (1 if isinstance(x, exp.Order) else 2), 3907 ) 3908 3909 if mods: 3910 mod = mods[0] 3911 this = expression.__class__(this=mod.this.copy()) 3912 this.meta["inline"] = True 3913 mod.this.replace(this) 3914 return self.sql(expression.this) 3915 3916 agg_func = expression.find(exp.AggFunc) 3917 3918 if agg_func: 3919 return self.sql(agg_func)[:-1] + f" {text})" 3920 3921 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')} {text}" 3922 3923 def _replace_line_breaks(self, string: str) -> str: 3924 """We don't want to extra indent line breaks so we temporarily replace them with sentinels.""" 3925 if self.pretty: 3926 return string.replace("\n", self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK) 3927 return string 3928 3929 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3930 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3931 3932 if expression.expressions: 3933 upper = option.upper() 3934 3935 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3936 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3937 3938 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3939 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3940 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3941 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3942 3943 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3944 3945 if not value: 3946 return option 3947 3948 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3949 3950 return f"{option}{op}{value}" 3951 3952 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3953 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3954 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3955 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3956 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3957 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3958 else: 3959 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3960 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3961 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3962 3963 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3964 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3965 3966 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3967 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3968 3969 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3970 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3971 3972 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3973 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3974 3975 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}" 3976 3977 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3978 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3979 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3980 3981 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3982 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3983 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3984 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3985 3986 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3987 params = self.expressions( 3988 expression, 3989 key="params", 3990 sep=sep, 3991 new_line=True, 3992 skip_last=True, 3993 skip_first=True, 3994 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3995 ) 3996 3997 if params: 3998 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3999 params = f" WITH ({params})" 4000 elif not self.pretty: 4001 params = f" {params}" 4002 4003 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}" 4004 4005 def semicolon_sql(self, expression: exp.Semicolon) -> str: 4006 return "" 4007 4008 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4009 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4010 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4011 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4012 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4013 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4014 4015 if filter_col or retention_period: 4016 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4017 4018 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}" 4019 4020 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4021 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4022 ) -> str: 4023 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4024 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4025 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4026 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}" 4027 4028 def gapfill_sql(self, expression: exp.GapFill) -> str: 4029 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4030 this = f"TABLE {this}" 4031 return self.func("GAP_FILL", this, *[v for k, v in expression.args.items() if k != "this"]) 4032 4033 def scope_resolution(self, rhs: str, scope_name: str) -> str: 4034 return self.func("SCOPE_RESOLUTION", scope_name or None, rhs) 4035 4036 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4037 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4038 expr = expression.expression 4039 4040 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4041 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4042 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4043 else: 4044 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4045 4046 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this) 4047 4048 def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str: 4049 if self.PARSE_JSON_NAME is None: 4050 return self.sql(expression.this) 4051 4052 return self.func(self.PARSE_JSON_NAME, expression.this, expression.expression) 4053 4054 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4055 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4056 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4057 4058 if lower and upper: 4059 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4060 return self.func("RAND", expression.this) 4061 4062 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4063 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4064 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4065 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4066 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4067 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4068 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4069 4070 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}" 4071 4072 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4073 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4074 4075 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4076 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4077 fill_pattern = "' '" 4078 4079 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern) 4080 4081 def summarize_sql(self, expression: exp.Summarize) -> str: 4082 table = " TABLE" if expression.args.get("table") else "" 4083 return f"SUMMARIZE{table} {self.sql(expression.this)}" 4084 4085 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4086 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4087 4088 parent = expression.parent 4089 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4090 parent = parent.parent 4091 4092 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4093 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4094 4095 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4096 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4097 4098 return self.sql(generate_series) 4099 4100 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4101 exprs = expression.expressions 4102 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4103 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4104 else: 4105 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4106 4107 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs) 4108 4109 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4110 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4111 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4112 4113 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4114 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4115 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4116 4117 if source_tz and timestamp: 4118 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4119 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4120 ) 4121 4122 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4123 4124 return self.sql(expr)
Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.
Arguments:
- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the
indentation of subqueries and filters under a
WHEREclause. Default: 2. - normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
Generator( pretty: Optional[bool] = None, identify: str | bool = False, normalize: bool = False, pad: int = 2, indent: int = 2, normalize_functions: Union[str, bool, NoneType] = None, unsupported_level: sqlglot.errors.ErrorLevel = <ErrorLevel.WARN: 'WARN'>, max_unsupported: int = 3, leading_comma: bool = False, max_text_width: int = 80, comments: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None)
589 def __init__( 590 self, 591 pretty: t.Optional[bool] = None, 592 identify: str | bool = False, 593 normalize: bool = False, 594 pad: int = 2, 595 indent: int = 2, 596 normalize_functions: t.Optional[str | bool] = None, 597 unsupported_level: ErrorLevel = ErrorLevel.WARN, 598 max_unsupported: int = 3, 599 leading_comma: bool = False, 600 max_text_width: int = 80, 601 comments: bool = True, 602 dialect: DialectType = None, 603 ): 604 import sqlglot 605 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 606 607 self.pretty = pretty if pretty is not None else sqlglot.pretty 608 self.identify = identify 609 self.normalize = normalize 610 self.pad = pad 611 self._indent = indent 612 self.unsupported_level = unsupported_level 613 self.max_unsupported = max_unsupported 614 self.leading_comma = leading_comma 615 self.max_text_width = max_text_width 616 self.comments = comments 617 self.dialect = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect) 618 619 # This is both a Dialect property and a Generator argument, so we prioritize the latter 620 self.normalize_functions = ( 621 self.dialect.NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS if normalize_functions is None else normalize_functions 622 ) 623 624 self.unsupported_messages: t.List[str] = [] 625 self._escaped_quote_end: str = ( 626 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.STRING_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.QUOTE_END 627 ) 628 self._escaped_identifier_end: str = ( 629 self.dialect.tokenizer_class.IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES[0] + self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END 630 ) 631 632 self._next_name = name_sequence("_t")
TRANSFORMS: Dict[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], Callable[..., str]] =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TagColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRecursive'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathFilter'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathUnion'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSelector'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSlice'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathScript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>}
TYPE_MAPPING =
{<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBINARY'}
TIME_PART_SINGULARS =
{'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'WEEKS': 'WEEK', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'YEARS': 'YEAR'}
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS =
{'cluster': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'distribute': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'sort': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION =
{<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Command'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Delete'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Drop'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.From'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Insert'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Join'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Update'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Where'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.With'>)
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetOperation'>)
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES: Tuple[Type[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], ...] =
(<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Column'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Neg'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES =
{<Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>}
634 def generate(self, expression: exp.Expression, copy: bool = True) -> str: 635 """ 636 Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree. 637 638 Args: 639 expression: The syntax tree. 640 copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so 641 it is safer to copy. 642 643 Returns: 644 The SQL string corresponding to `expression`. 645 """ 646 if copy: 647 expression = expression.copy() 648 649 expression = self.preprocess(expression) 650 651 self.unsupported_messages = [] 652 sql = self.sql(expression).strip() 653 654 if self.pretty: 655 sql = sql.replace(self.SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK, "\n") 656 657 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.IGNORE: 658 return sql 659 660 if self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.WARN: 661 for msg in self.unsupported_messages: 662 logger.warning(msg) 663 elif self.unsupported_level == ErrorLevel.RAISE and self.unsupported_messages: 664 raise UnsupportedError(concat_messages(self.unsupported_messages, self.max_unsupported)) 665 666 return sql
Generates the SQL string corresponding to the given syntax tree.
Arguments:
- expression: The syntax tree.
- copy: Whether to copy the expression. The generator performs mutations so it is safer to copy.
Returns:
The SQL string corresponding to
expression.
def
preprocess( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression:
668 def preprocess(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression: 669 """Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.""" 670 if ( 671 not expression.parent 672 and type(expression) in self.EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES 673 and any(node.parent is not expression for node in expression.find_all(exp.With)) 674 ): 675 from sqlglot.transforms import move_ctes_to_top_level 676 677 expression = move_ctes_to_top_level(expression) 678 679 if self.ENSURE_BOOLS: 680 from sqlglot.transforms import ensure_bools 681 682 expression = ensure_bools(expression) 683 684 return expression
Apply generic preprocessing transformations to a given expression.
def
maybe_comment( self, sql: str, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, comments: Optional[List[str]] = None, separated: bool = False) -> str:
702 def maybe_comment( 703 self, 704 sql: str, 705 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 706 comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None, 707 separated: bool = False, 708 ) -> str: 709 comments = ( 710 ((expression and expression.comments) if comments is None else comments) # type: ignore 711 if self.comments 712 else None 713 ) 714 715 if not comments or isinstance(expression, self.EXCLUDE_COMMENTS): 716 return sql 717 718 comments_sql = " ".join( 719 f"/*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" for comment in comments if comment 720 ) 721 722 if not comments_sql: 723 return sql 724 725 comments_sql = self._replace_line_breaks(comments_sql) 726 727 if separated or isinstance(expression, self.WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS): 728 return ( 729 f"{self.sep()}{comments_sql}{sql}" 730 if not sql or sql[0].isspace() 731 else f"{comments_sql}{self.sep()}{sql}" 732 ) 733 734 return f"{sql} {comments_sql}"
736 def wrap(self, expression: exp.Expression | str) -> str: 737 this_sql = ( 738 self.sql(expression) 739 if isinstance(expression, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES) 740 else self.sql(expression, "this") 741 ) 742 if not this_sql: 743 return "()" 744 745 this_sql = self.indent(this_sql, level=1, pad=0) 746 return f"({self.sep('')}{this_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}"
def
indent( self, sql: str, level: int = 0, pad: Optional[int] = None, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False) -> str:
762 def indent( 763 self, 764 sql: str, 765 level: int = 0, 766 pad: t.Optional[int] = None, 767 skip_first: bool = False, 768 skip_last: bool = False, 769 ) -> str: 770 if not self.pretty or not sql: 771 return sql 772 773 pad = self.pad if pad is None else pad 774 lines = sql.split("\n") 775 776 return "\n".join( 777 ( 778 line 779 if (skip_first and i == 0) or (skip_last and i == len(lines) - 1) 780 else f"{' ' * (level * self._indent + pad)}{line}" 781 ) 782 for i, line in enumerate(lines) 783 )
def
sql( self, expression: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], key: Optional[str] = None, comment: bool = True) -> str:
785 def sql( 786 self, 787 expression: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression], 788 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 789 comment: bool = True, 790 ) -> str: 791 if not expression: 792 return "" 793 794 if isinstance(expression, str): 795 return expression 796 797 if key: 798 value = expression.args.get(key) 799 if value: 800 return self.sql(value) 801 return "" 802 803 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 804 805 if callable(transform): 806 sql = transform(self, expression) 807 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Expression): 808 exp_handler_name = f"{expression.key}_sql" 809 810 if hasattr(self, exp_handler_name): 811 sql = getattr(self, exp_handler_name)(expression) 812 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Func): 813 sql = self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 814 elif isinstance(expression, exp.Property): 815 sql = self.property_sql(expression) 816 else: 817 raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 818 else: 819 raise ValueError(f"Expected an Expression. Received {type(expression)}: {expression}") 820 821 return self.maybe_comment(sql, expression) if self.comments and comment else sql
828 def cache_sql(self, expression: exp.Cache) -> str: 829 lazy = " LAZY" if expression.args.get("lazy") else "" 830 table = self.sql(expression, "this") 831 options = expression.args.get("options") 832 options = f" OPTIONS({self.sql(options[0])} = {self.sql(options[1])})" if options else "" 833 sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 834 sql = f" AS{self.sep()}{sql}" if sql else "" 835 sql = f"CACHE{lazy} TABLE {table}{options}{sql}" 836 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
838 def characterset_sql(self, expression: exp.CharacterSet) -> str: 839 if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Cast): 840 return f"CHAR CHARACTER SET {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 841 default = "DEFAULT " if expression.args.get("default") else "" 842 return f"{default}CHARACTER SET={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
856 def column_sql(self, expression: exp.Column) -> str: 857 join_mark = " (+)" if expression.args.get("join_mark") else "" 858 859 if join_mark and not self.dialect.SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS: 860 join_mark = "" 861 self.unsupported("Outer join syntax using the (+) operator is not supported.") 862 863 return f"{self.column_parts(expression)}{join_mark}"
871 def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str: 872 column = self.sql(expression, "this") 873 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 874 constraints = self.expressions(expression, key="constraints", sep=" ", flat=True) 875 exists = "IF NOT EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 876 kind = f"{sep}{kind}" if kind else "" 877 constraints = f" {constraints}" if constraints else "" 878 position = self.sql(expression, "position") 879 position = f" {position}" if position else "" 880 881 if expression.find(exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) and not self.COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE: 882 kind = "" 883 884 return f"{exists}{column}{kind}{constraints}{position}"
def
computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str:
891 def computedcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.ComputedColumnConstraint) -> str: 892 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 893 if expression.args.get("not_null"): 894 persisted = " PERSISTED NOT NULL" 895 elif expression.args.get("persisted"): 896 persisted = " PERSISTED" 897 else: 898 persisted = "" 899 return f"AS {this}{persisted}"
def
compresscolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CompressColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str:
912 def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( 913 self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint 914 ) -> str: 915 this = "" 916 if expression.this is not None: 917 on_null = " ON NULL" if expression.args.get("on_null") else "" 918 this = " ALWAYS" if expression.this else f" BY DEFAULT{on_null}" 919 920 start = expression.args.get("start") 921 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 922 increment = expression.args.get("increment") 923 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 924 minvalue = expression.args.get("minvalue") 925 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 926 maxvalue = expression.args.get("maxvalue") 927 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 928 cycle = expression.args.get("cycle") 929 cycle_sql = "" 930 931 if cycle is not None: 932 cycle_sql = f"{' NO' if not cycle else ''} CYCLE" 933 cycle_sql = cycle_sql.strip() if not start and not increment else cycle_sql 934 935 sequence_opts = "" 936 if start or increment or cycle_sql: 937 sequence_opts = f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cycle_sql}" 938 sequence_opts = f" ({sequence_opts.strip()})" 939 940 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 941 expr = f"({expr})" if expr else "IDENTITY" 942 943 return f"GENERATED{this} AS {expr}{sequence_opts}"
def
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint) -> str:
def
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NotNullColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
transformcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TransformColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint) -> str:
def
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str:
969 def uniquecolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.UniqueColumnConstraint) -> str: 970 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 971 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 972 index_type = expression.args.get("index_type") 973 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 974 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "on_conflict") 975 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 976 nulls_sql = " NULLS NOT DISTINCT" if expression.args.get("nulls") else "" 977 return f"UNIQUE{nulls_sql}{this}{index_type}{on_conflict}"
982 def create_sql(self, expression: exp.Create) -> str: 983 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 984 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 985 properties = expression.args.get("properties") 986 properties_locs = self.locate_properties(properties) if properties else defaultdict() 987 988 this = self.createable_sql(expression, properties_locs) 989 990 properties_sql = "" 991 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA) or properties_locs.get( 992 exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH 993 ): 994 properties_sql = self.sql( 995 exp.Properties( 996 expressions=[ 997 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA], 998 *properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH], 999 ] 1000 ) 1001 ) 1002 1003 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA): 1004 properties_sql = self.sep() + properties_sql 1005 elif not self.pretty: 1006 # Standalone POST_WITH properties need a leading whitespace in non-pretty mode 1007 properties_sql = f" {properties_sql}" 1008 1009 begin = " BEGIN" if expression.args.get("begin") else "" 1010 end = " END" if expression.args.get("end") else "" 1011 1012 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1013 if expression_sql: 1014 expression_sql = f"{begin}{self.sep()}{expression_sql}{end}" 1015 1016 if self.CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS or not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Return): 1017 postalias_props_sql = "" 1018 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS): 1019 postalias_props_sql = self.properties( 1020 exp.Properties( 1021 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS] 1022 ), 1023 wrapped=False, 1024 ) 1025 postalias_props_sql = f" {postalias_props_sql}" if postalias_props_sql else "" 1026 expression_sql = f" AS{postalias_props_sql}{expression_sql}" 1027 1028 postindex_props_sql = "" 1029 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX): 1030 postindex_props_sql = self.properties( 1031 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_INDEX]), 1032 wrapped=False, 1033 prefix=" ", 1034 ) 1035 1036 indexes = self.expressions(expression, key="indexes", indent=False, sep=" ") 1037 indexes = f" {indexes}" if indexes else "" 1038 index_sql = indexes + postindex_props_sql 1039 1040 replace = " OR REPLACE" if expression.args.get("replace") else "" 1041 refresh = " OR REFRESH" if expression.args.get("refresh") else "" 1042 unique = " UNIQUE" if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1043 1044 clustered = expression.args.get("clustered") 1045 if clustered is None: 1046 clustered_sql = "" 1047 elif clustered: 1048 clustered_sql = " CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1049 else: 1050 clustered_sql = " NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE" 1051 1052 postcreate_props_sql = "" 1053 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE): 1054 postcreate_props_sql = self.properties( 1055 exp.Properties(expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE]), 1056 sep=" ", 1057 prefix=" ", 1058 wrapped=False, 1059 ) 1060 1061 modifiers = "".join((clustered_sql, replace, refresh, unique, postcreate_props_sql)) 1062 1063 postexpression_props_sql = "" 1064 if properties_locs.get(exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION): 1065 postexpression_props_sql = self.properties( 1066 exp.Properties( 1067 expressions=properties_locs[exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION] 1068 ), 1069 sep=" ", 1070 prefix=" ", 1071 wrapped=False, 1072 ) 1073 1074 concurrently = " CONCURRENTLY" if expression.args.get("concurrently") else "" 1075 exists_sql = " IF NOT EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1076 no_schema_binding = ( 1077 " WITH NO SCHEMA BINDING" if expression.args.get("no_schema_binding") else "" 1078 ) 1079 1080 clone = self.sql(expression, "clone") 1081 clone = f" {clone}" if clone else "" 1082 1083 expression_sql = f"CREATE{modifiers} {kind}{concurrently}{exists_sql} {this}{properties_sql}{expression_sql}{postexpression_props_sql}{index_sql}{no_schema_binding}{clone}" 1084 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, expression_sql)
1086 def sequenceproperties_sql(self, expression: exp.SequenceProperties) -> str: 1087 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1088 start = f"START WITH {start}" if start else "" 1089 increment = self.sql(expression, "increment") 1090 increment = f" INCREMENT BY {increment}" if increment else "" 1091 minvalue = self.sql(expression, "minvalue") 1092 minvalue = f" MINVALUE {minvalue}" if minvalue else "" 1093 maxvalue = self.sql(expression, "maxvalue") 1094 maxvalue = f" MAXVALUE {maxvalue}" if maxvalue else "" 1095 owned = self.sql(expression, "owned") 1096 owned = f" OWNED BY {owned}" if owned else "" 1097 1098 cache = expression.args.get("cache") 1099 if cache is None: 1100 cache_str = "" 1101 elif cache is True: 1102 cache_str = " CACHE" 1103 else: 1104 cache_str = f" CACHE {cache}" 1105 1106 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 1107 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1108 1109 return f"{start}{increment}{minvalue}{maxvalue}{cache_str}{options}{owned}".lstrip()
1111 def clone_sql(self, expression: exp.Clone) -> str: 1112 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1113 shallow = "SHALLOW " if expression.args.get("shallow") else "" 1114 keyword = "COPY" if expression.args.get("copy") and self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY else "CLONE" 1115 return f"{shallow}{keyword} {this}"
1142 def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str: 1143 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1144 1145 materialized = expression.args.get("materialized") 1146 if materialized is False: 1147 materialized = "NOT MATERIALIZED " 1148 elif materialized: 1149 materialized = "MATERIALIZED " 1150 1151 return f"{alias} AS {materialized or ''}{self.wrap(expression)}"
1153 def tablealias_sql(self, expression: exp.TableAlias) -> str: 1154 alias = self.sql(expression, "this") 1155 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1156 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1157 1158 if columns and not self.SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS: 1159 columns = "" 1160 self.unsupported("Named columns are not supported in table alias.") 1161 1162 if not alias and not self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 1163 alias = self._next_name() 1164 1165 return f"{alias}{columns}"
1185 def unicodestring_sql(self, expression: exp.UnicodeString) -> str: 1186 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1187 escape = expression.args.get("escape") 1188 1189 if self.dialect.UNICODE_START: 1190 escape_substitute = r"\\\1" 1191 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.UNICODE_START, self.dialect.UNICODE_END 1192 else: 1193 escape_substitute = r"\\u\1" 1194 left_quote, right_quote = self.dialect.QUOTE_START, self.dialect.QUOTE_END 1195 1196 if escape: 1197 escape_pattern = re.compile(rf"{escape.name}(\d+)") 1198 escape_sql = f" UESCAPE {self.sql(escape)}" if self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE else "" 1199 else: 1200 escape_pattern = ESCAPED_UNICODE_RE 1201 escape_sql = "" 1202 1203 if not self.dialect.UNICODE_START or (escape and not self.SUPPORTS_UESCAPE): 1204 this = escape_pattern.sub(escape_substitute, this) 1205 1206 return f"{left_quote}{this}{right_quote}{escape_sql}"
1218 def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str: 1219 nested = "" 1220 values = "" 1221 interior = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1222 1223 type_value = expression.this 1224 if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.USERDEFINED and expression.args.get("kind"): 1225 type_sql = self.sql(expression, "kind") 1226 elif type_value != exp.DataType.Type.NULLABLE or self.SUPPORTS_NULLABLE_TYPES: 1227 type_sql = ( 1228 self.TYPE_MAPPING.get(type_value, type_value.value) 1229 if isinstance(type_value, exp.DataType.Type) 1230 else type_value 1231 ) 1232 else: 1233 return interior 1234 1235 if interior: 1236 if expression.args.get("nested"): 1237 nested = f"{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[0]}{interior}{self.STRUCT_DELIMITER[1]}" 1238 if expression.args.get("values") is not None: 1239 delimiters = ("[", "]") if type_value == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY else ("(", ")") 1240 values = self.expressions(expression, key="values", flat=True) 1241 values = f"{delimiters[0]}{values}{delimiters[1]}" 1242 elif type_value == exp.DataType.Type.INTERVAL: 1243 nested = f" {interior}" 1244 else: 1245 nested = f"({interior})" 1246 1247 type_sql = f"{type_sql}{nested}{values}" 1248 if self.TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE and type_value in ( 1249 exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, 1250 exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ, 1251 ): 1252 type_sql = f"{type_sql} WITH TIME ZONE" 1253 1254 return type_sql
1256 def directory_sql(self, expression: exp.Directory) -> str: 1257 local = "LOCAL " if expression.args.get("local") else "" 1258 row_format = self.sql(expression, "row_format") 1259 row_format = f" {row_format}" if row_format else "" 1260 return f"{local}DIRECTORY {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{row_format}"
1262 def delete_sql(self, expression: exp.Delete) -> str: 1263 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1264 this = f" FROM {this}" if this else "" 1265 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1266 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1267 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1268 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1269 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1270 tables = self.expressions(expression, key="tables") 1271 tables = f" {tables}" if tables else "" 1272 if self.RETURNING_END: 1273 expression_sql = f"{this}{using}{where}{returning}{limit}" 1274 else: 1275 expression_sql = f"{returning}{this}{using}{where}{limit}" 1276 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, f"DELETE{tables}{expression_sql}")
1278 def drop_sql(self, expression: exp.Drop) -> str: 1279 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1280 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1281 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 1282 kind = expression.args["kind"] 1283 kind = self.dialect.INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING.get(kind) or kind 1284 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 1285 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 1286 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 1287 temporary = " TEMPORARY" if expression.args.get("temporary") else "" 1288 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 1289 cascade = " CASCADE" if expression.args.get("cascade") else "" 1290 constraints = " CONSTRAINTS" if expression.args.get("constraints") else "" 1291 purge = " PURGE" if expression.args.get("purge") else "" 1292 return f"DROP{temporary}{materialized} {kind}{exists_sql}{this}{on_cluster}{expressions}{cascade}{constraints}{purge}"
1300 def fetch_sql(self, expression: exp.Fetch) -> str: 1301 direction = expression.args.get("direction") 1302 direction = f" {direction}" if direction else "" 1303 count = expression.args.get("count") 1304 count = f" {count}" if count else "" 1305 if expression.args.get("percent"): 1306 count = f"{count} PERCENT" 1307 with_ties_or_only = "WITH TIES" if expression.args.get("with_ties") else "ONLY" 1308 return f"{self.seg('FETCH')}{direction}{count} ROWS {with_ties_or_only}"
1310 def filter_sql(self, expression: exp.Filter) -> str: 1311 if self.AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED: 1312 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1313 where = self.sql(expression, "expression").strip() 1314 return f"{this} FILTER({where})" 1315 1316 agg = expression.this 1317 agg_arg = agg.this 1318 cond = expression.expression.this 1319 agg_arg.replace(exp.If(this=cond.copy(), true=agg_arg.copy())) 1320 return self.sql(agg)
1329 def indexparameters_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexParameters) -> str: 1330 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 1331 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 1332 columns = self.expressions(expression, key="columns", flat=True) 1333 columns = f"({columns})" if columns else "" 1334 partition_by = self.expressions(expression, key="partition_by", flat=True) 1335 partition_by = f" PARTITION BY {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1336 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1337 include = self.expressions(expression, key="include", flat=True) 1338 if include: 1339 include = f" INCLUDE ({include})" 1340 with_storage = self.expressions(expression, key="with_storage", flat=True) 1341 with_storage = f" WITH ({with_storage})" if with_storage else "" 1342 tablespace = self.sql(expression, "tablespace") 1343 tablespace = f" USING INDEX TABLESPACE {tablespace}" if tablespace else "" 1344 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 1345 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 1346 1347 return f"{using}{columns}{include}{with_storage}{tablespace}{partition_by}{where}{on}"
1349 def index_sql(self, expression: exp.Index) -> str: 1350 unique = "UNIQUE " if expression.args.get("unique") else "" 1351 primary = "PRIMARY " if expression.args.get("primary") else "" 1352 amp = "AMP " if expression.args.get("amp") else "" 1353 name = self.sql(expression, "this") 1354 name = f"{name} " if name else "" 1355 table = self.sql(expression, "table") 1356 table = f"{self.INDEX_ON} {table}" if table else "" 1357 1358 index = "INDEX " if not table else "" 1359 1360 params = self.sql(expression, "params") 1361 return f"{unique}{primary}{amp}{index}{name}{table}{params}"
1363 def identifier_sql(self, expression: exp.Identifier) -> str: 1364 text = expression.name 1365 lower = text.lower() 1366 text = lower if self.normalize and not expression.quoted else text 1367 text = text.replace(self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END, self._escaped_identifier_end) 1368 if ( 1369 expression.quoted 1370 or self.dialect.can_identify(text, self.identify) 1371 or lower in self.RESERVED_KEYWORDS 1372 or (not self.dialect.IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT and text[:1].isdigit()) 1373 ): 1374 text = f"{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_START}{text}{self.dialect.IDENTIFIER_END}" 1375 return text
1390 def inputoutputformat_sql(self, expression: exp.InputOutputFormat) -> str: 1391 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 1392 input_format = f"INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 1393 output_format = self.sql(expression, "output_format") 1394 output_format = f"OUTPUTFORMAT {output_format}" if output_format else "" 1395 return self.sep().join((input_format, output_format))
1404 def properties_sql(self, expression: exp.Properties) -> str: 1405 root_properties = [] 1406 with_properties = [] 1407 1408 for p in expression.expressions: 1409 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1410 if p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_WITH: 1411 with_properties.append(p) 1412 elif p_loc == exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA: 1413 root_properties.append(p) 1414 1415 root_props = self.root_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=root_properties)) 1416 with_props = self.with_properties(exp.Properties(expressions=with_properties)) 1417 1418 if root_props and with_props and not self.pretty: 1419 with_props = " " + with_props 1420 1421 return root_props + with_props
def
properties( self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties, prefix: str = '', sep: str = ', ', suffix: str = '', wrapped: bool = True) -> str:
1428 def properties( 1429 self, 1430 properties: exp.Properties, 1431 prefix: str = "", 1432 sep: str = ", ", 1433 suffix: str = "", 1434 wrapped: bool = True, 1435 ) -> str: 1436 if properties.expressions: 1437 expressions = self.expressions(properties, sep=sep, indent=False) 1438 if expressions: 1439 expressions = self.wrap(expressions) if wrapped else expressions 1440 return f"{prefix}{' ' if prefix.strip() else ''}{expressions}{suffix}" 1441 return ""
1446 def locate_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> t.DefaultDict: 1447 properties_locs = defaultdict(list) 1448 for p in properties.expressions: 1449 p_loc = self.PROPERTIES_LOCATION[p.__class__] 1450 if p_loc != exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED: 1451 properties_locs[p_loc].append(p) 1452 else: 1453 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {p.key}") 1454 1455 return properties_locs
def
property_name( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Property, string_key: bool = False) -> str:
1462 def property_sql(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 1463 property_cls = expression.__class__ 1464 if property_cls == exp.Property: 1465 return f"{self.property_name(expression)}={self.sql(expression, 'value')}" 1466 1467 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(property_cls) 1468 if not property_name: 1469 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.key}") 1470 1471 return f"{property_name}={self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
1473 def likeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeProperty) -> str: 1474 if self.SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE: 1475 options = " ".join(f"{e.name} {self.sql(e, 'value')}" for e in expression.expressions) 1476 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 1477 1478 like = f"LIKE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{options}" 1479 if self.LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA and not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Schema): 1480 like = f"({like})" 1481 1482 return like 1483 1484 if expression.expressions: 1485 self.unsupported("Transpilation of LIKE property options is unsupported") 1486 1487 select = exp.select("*").from_(expression.this).limit(0) 1488 return f"AS {self.sql(select)}"
1495 def journalproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.JournalProperty) -> str: 1496 no = "NO " if expression.args.get("no") else "" 1497 local = expression.args.get("local") 1498 local = f"{local} " if local else "" 1499 dual = "DUAL " if expression.args.get("dual") else "" 1500 before = "BEFORE " if expression.args.get("before") else "" 1501 after = "AFTER " if expression.args.get("after") else "" 1502 return f"{no}{local}{dual}{before}{after}JOURNAL"
def
mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str:
1518 def mergeblockratioproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeBlockRatioProperty) -> str: 1519 if expression.args.get("no"): 1520 return "NO MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1521 if expression.args.get("default"): 1522 return "DEFAULT MERGEBLOCKRATIO" 1523 1524 percent = " PERCENT" if expression.args.get("percent") else "" 1525 return f"MERGEBLOCKRATIO={self.sql(expression, 'this')}{percent}"
1527 def datablocksizeproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataBlocksizeProperty) -> str: 1528 default = expression.args.get("default") 1529 minimum = expression.args.get("minimum") 1530 maximum = expression.args.get("maximum") 1531 if default or minimum or maximum: 1532 if default: 1533 prop = "DEFAULT" 1534 elif minimum: 1535 prop = "MINIMUM" 1536 else: 1537 prop = "MAXIMUM" 1538 return f"{prop} DATABLOCKSIZE" 1539 units = expression.args.get("units") 1540 units = f" {units}" if units else "" 1541 return f"DATABLOCKSIZE={self.sql(expression, 'size')}{units}"
def
blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str:
1543 def blockcompressionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.BlockCompressionProperty) -> str: 1544 autotemp = expression.args.get("autotemp") 1545 always = expression.args.get("always") 1546 default = expression.args.get("default") 1547 manual = expression.args.get("manual") 1548 never = expression.args.get("never") 1549 1550 if autotemp is not None: 1551 prop = f"AUTOTEMP({self.expressions(autotemp)})" 1552 elif always: 1553 prop = "ALWAYS" 1554 elif default: 1555 prop = "DEFAULT" 1556 elif manual: 1557 prop = "MANUAL" 1558 elif never: 1559 prop = "NEVER" 1560 return f"BLOCKCOMPRESSION={prop}"
def
isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str:
1562 def isolatedloadingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.IsolatedLoadingProperty) -> str: 1563 no = expression.args.get("no") 1564 no = " NO" if no else "" 1565 concurrent = expression.args.get("concurrent") 1566 concurrent = " CONCURRENT" if concurrent else "" 1567 target = self.sql(expression, "target") 1568 target = f" {target}" if target else "" 1569 return f"WITH{no}{concurrent} ISOLATED LOADING{target}"
1571 def partitionboundspec_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionBoundSpec) -> str: 1572 if isinstance(expression.this, list): 1573 return f"IN ({self.expressions(expression, key='this', flat=True)})" 1574 if expression.this: 1575 modulus = self.sql(expression, "this") 1576 remainder = self.sql(expression, "expression") 1577 return f"WITH (MODULUS {modulus}, REMAINDER {remainder})" 1578 1579 from_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="from_expressions", flat=True) 1580 to_expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="to_expressions", flat=True) 1581 return f"FROM ({from_expressions}) TO ({to_expressions})"
1583 def partitionedofproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.PartitionedOfProperty) -> str: 1584 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1585 1586 for_values_or_default = expression.expression 1587 if isinstance(for_values_or_default, exp.PartitionBoundSpec): 1588 for_values_or_default = f" FOR VALUES {self.sql(for_values_or_default)}" 1589 else: 1590 for_values_or_default = " DEFAULT" 1591 1592 return f"PARTITION OF {this}{for_values_or_default}"
1594 def lockingproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.LockingProperty) -> str: 1595 kind = expression.args.get("kind") 1596 this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" if expression.this else "" 1597 for_or_in = expression.args.get("for_or_in") 1598 for_or_in = f" {for_or_in}" if for_or_in else "" 1599 lock_type = expression.args.get("lock_type") 1600 override = " OVERRIDE" if expression.args.get("override") else "" 1601 return f"LOCKING {kind}{this}{for_or_in} {lock_type}{override}"
1603 def withdataproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithDataProperty) -> str: 1604 data_sql = f"WITH {'NO ' if expression.args.get('no') else ''}DATA" 1605 statistics = expression.args.get("statistics") 1606 statistics_sql = "" 1607 if statistics is not None: 1608 statistics_sql = f" AND {'NO ' if not statistics else ''}STATISTICS" 1609 return f"{data_sql}{statistics_sql}"
def
withsystemversioningproperty_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str:
1611 def withsystemversioningproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.WithSystemVersioningProperty) -> str: 1612 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1613 this = f"HISTORY_TABLE={this}" if this else "" 1614 data_consistency: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "data_consistency") 1615 data_consistency = ( 1616 f"DATA_CONSISTENCY_CHECK={data_consistency}" if data_consistency else None 1617 ) 1618 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 1619 retention_period = ( 1620 f"HISTORY_RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 1621 ) 1622 1623 if this: 1624 on_sql = self.func("ON", this, data_consistency, retention_period) 1625 else: 1626 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 1627 1628 sql = f"SYSTEM_VERSIONING={on_sql}" 1629 1630 return f"WITH({sql})" if expression.args.get("with") else sql
1632 def insert_sql(self, expression: exp.Insert) -> str: 1633 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 1634 overwrite = expression.args.get("overwrite") 1635 1636 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Directory): 1637 this = " OVERWRITE" if overwrite else " INTO" 1638 else: 1639 this = self.INSERT_OVERWRITE if overwrite else " INTO" 1640 1641 stored = self.sql(expression, "stored") 1642 stored = f" {stored}" if stored else "" 1643 alternative = expression.args.get("alternative") 1644 alternative = f" OR {alternative}" if alternative else "" 1645 ignore = " IGNORE" if expression.args.get("ignore") else "" 1646 is_function = expression.args.get("is_function") 1647 if is_function: 1648 this = f"{this} FUNCTION" 1649 this = f"{this} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 1650 1651 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 1652 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 1653 where = f"{self.sep()}REPLACE WHERE {where}" if where else "" 1654 expression_sql = f"{self.sep()}{self.sql(expression, 'expression')}" 1655 on_conflict = self.sql(expression, "conflict") 1656 on_conflict = f" {on_conflict}" if on_conflict else "" 1657 by_name = " BY NAME" if expression.args.get("by_name") else "" 1658 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1659 1660 if self.RETURNING_END: 1661 expression_sql = f"{expression_sql}{on_conflict}{returning}" 1662 else: 1663 expression_sql = f"{returning}{expression_sql}{on_conflict}" 1664 1665 partition_by = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1666 partition_by = f" {partition_by}" if partition_by else "" 1667 settings = self.sql(expression, "settings") 1668 settings = f" {settings}" if settings else "" 1669 1670 sql = f"INSERT{hint}{alternative}{ignore}{this}{stored}{by_name}{exists}{partition_by}{settings}{where}{expression_sql}" 1671 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1695 def onconflict_sql(self, expression: exp.OnConflict) -> str: 1696 conflict = "ON DUPLICATE KEY" if expression.args.get("duplicate") else "ON CONFLICT" 1697 1698 constraint = self.sql(expression, "constraint") 1699 constraint = f" ON CONSTRAINT {constraint}" if constraint else "" 1700 1701 conflict_keys = self.expressions(expression, key="conflict_keys", flat=True) 1702 conflict_keys = f"({conflict_keys}) " if conflict_keys else " " 1703 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 1704 1705 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1706 if expressions: 1707 set_keyword = "SET " if self.DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET else "" 1708 expressions = f" {set_keyword}{expressions}" 1709 1710 return f"{conflict}{constraint}{conflict_keys}{action}{expressions}"
def
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str:
1715 def rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.RowFormatDelimitedProperty) -> str: 1716 fields = self.sql(expression, "fields") 1717 fields = f" FIELDS TERMINATED BY {fields}" if fields else "" 1718 escaped = self.sql(expression, "escaped") 1719 escaped = f" ESCAPED BY {escaped}" if escaped else "" 1720 items = self.sql(expression, "collection_items") 1721 items = f" COLLECTION ITEMS TERMINATED BY {items}" if items else "" 1722 keys = self.sql(expression, "map_keys") 1723 keys = f" MAP KEYS TERMINATED BY {keys}" if keys else "" 1724 lines = self.sql(expression, "lines") 1725 lines = f" LINES TERMINATED BY {lines}" if lines else "" 1726 null = self.sql(expression, "null") 1727 null = f" NULL DEFINED AS {null}" if null else "" 1728 return f"ROW FORMAT DELIMITED{fields}{escaped}{items}{keys}{lines}{null}"
1756 def table_sql(self, expression: exp.Table, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 1757 table = self.table_parts(expression) 1758 only = "ONLY " if expression.args.get("only") else "" 1759 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 1760 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 1761 version = self.sql(expression, "version") 1762 version = f" {version}" if version else "" 1763 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1764 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 1765 hints = self.expressions(expression, key="hints", sep=" ") 1766 hints = f" {hints}" if hints and self.TABLE_HINTS else "" 1767 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 1768 joins = self.indent( 1769 self.expressions(expression, key="joins", sep="", flat=True), skip_first=True 1770 ) 1771 laterals = self.expressions(expression, key="laterals", sep="") 1772 1773 file_format = self.sql(expression, "format") 1774 if file_format: 1775 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 1776 pattern = f", PATTERN => {pattern}" if pattern else "" 1777 file_format = f" (FILE_FORMAT => {file_format}{pattern})" 1778 1779 ordinality = expression.args.get("ordinality") or "" 1780 if ordinality: 1781 ordinality = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" 1782 alias = "" 1783 1784 when = self.sql(expression, "when") 1785 if when: 1786 table = f"{table} {when}" 1787 1788 changes = self.sql(expression, "changes") 1789 changes = f" {changes}" if changes else "" 1790 1791 rows_from = self.expressions(expression, key="rows_from") 1792 if rows_from: 1793 table = f"ROWS FROM {self.wrap(rows_from)}" 1794 1795 return f"{only}{table}{changes}{partition}{version}{file_format}{alias}{hints}{pivots}{joins}{laterals}{ordinality}"
def
tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, sep: str = ' AS ', tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
1797 def tablesample_sql( 1798 self, 1799 expression: exp.TableSample, 1800 sep: str = " AS ", 1801 tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None, 1802 ) -> str: 1803 if self.dialect.ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE and expression.this and expression.this.alias: 1804 table = expression.this.copy() 1805 table.set("alias", None) 1806 this = self.sql(table) 1807 alias = f"{sep}{self.sql(expression.this, 'alias')}" 1808 else: 1809 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1810 alias = "" 1811 1812 method = self.sql(expression, "method") 1813 method = f"{method} " if method and self.TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD else "" 1814 numerator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_numerator") 1815 denominator = self.sql(expression, "bucket_denominator") 1816 field = self.sql(expression, "bucket_field") 1817 field = f" ON {field}" if field else "" 1818 bucket = f"BUCKET {numerator} OUT OF {denominator}{field}" if numerator else "" 1819 seed = self.sql(expression, "seed") 1820 seed = f" {self.TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD} ({seed})" if seed else "" 1821 1822 size = self.sql(expression, "size") 1823 if size and self.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS: 1824 size = f"{size} ROWS" 1825 1826 percent = self.sql(expression, "percent") 1827 if percent and not self.dialect.TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT: 1828 percent = f"{percent} PERCENT" 1829 1830 expr = f"{bucket}{percent}{size}" 1831 if self.TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS: 1832 expr = f"({expr})" 1833 1834 return ( 1835 f"{this} {tablesample_keyword or self.TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS} {method}{expr}{seed}{alias}" 1836 )
1838 def pivot_sql(self, expression: exp.Pivot) -> str: 1839 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1840 1841 if expression.this: 1842 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1843 if not expressions: 1844 return f"UNPIVOT {this}" 1845 1846 on = f"{self.seg('ON')} {expressions}" 1847 using = self.expressions(expression, key="using", flat=True) 1848 using = f"{self.seg('USING')} {using}" if using else "" 1849 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 1850 return f"PIVOT {this}{on}{using}{group}" 1851 1852 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1853 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 1854 direction = self.seg("UNPIVOT" if expression.unpivot else "PIVOT") 1855 1856 field = self.sql(expression, "field") 1857 if field and isinstance(expression.args.get("field"), exp.PivotAny): 1858 field = f"IN ({field})" 1859 1860 include_nulls = expression.args.get("include_nulls") 1861 if include_nulls is not None: 1862 nulls = " INCLUDE NULLS " if include_nulls else " EXCLUDE NULLS " 1863 else: 1864 nulls = "" 1865 1866 default_on_null = self.sql(expression, "default_on_null") 1867 default_on_null = f" DEFAULT ON NULL ({default_on_null})" if default_on_null else "" 1868 return f"{direction}{nulls}({expressions} FOR {field}{default_on_null}){alias}"
1879 def update_sql(self, expression: exp.Update) -> str: 1880 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 1881 set_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 1882 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 1883 where_sql = self.sql(expression, "where") 1884 returning = self.sql(expression, "returning") 1885 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 1886 limit = self.sql(expression, "limit") 1887 if self.RETURNING_END: 1888 expression_sql = f"{from_sql}{where_sql}{returning}" 1889 else: 1890 expression_sql = f"{returning}{from_sql}{where_sql}" 1891 sql = f"UPDATE {this} SET {set_sql}{expression_sql}{order}{limit}" 1892 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
1894 def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values, values_as_table: bool = True) -> str: 1895 values_as_table = values_as_table and self.VALUES_AS_TABLE 1896 1897 # The VALUES clause is still valid in an `INSERT INTO ..` statement, for example 1898 if values_as_table or not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join): 1899 args = self.expressions(expression) 1900 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 1901 values = f"VALUES{self.seg('')}{args}" 1902 values = ( 1903 f"({values})" 1904 if self.WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES and (alias or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.From)) 1905 else values 1906 ) 1907 return f"{values} AS {alias}" if alias else values 1908 1909 # Converts `VALUES...` expression into a series of select unions. 1910 alias_node = expression.args.get("alias") 1911 column_names = alias_node and alias_node.columns 1912 1913 selects: t.List[exp.Query] = [] 1914 1915 for i, tup in enumerate(expression.expressions): 1916 row = tup.expressions 1917 1918 if i == 0 and column_names: 1919 row = [ 1920 exp.alias_(value, column_name) for value, column_name in zip(row, column_names) 1921 ] 1922 1923 selects.append(exp.Select(expressions=row)) 1924 1925 if self.pretty: 1926 # This may result in poor performance for large-cardinality `VALUES` tables, due to 1927 # the deep nesting of the resulting exp.Unions. If this is a problem, either increase 1928 # `sys.setrecursionlimit` to avoid RecursionErrors, or don't set `pretty`. 1929 query = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.union(x, y, distinct=False, copy=False), selects) 1930 return self.subquery_sql(query.subquery(alias_node and alias_node.this, copy=False)) 1931 1932 alias = f" AS {self.sql(alias_node, 'this')}" if alias_node else "" 1933 unions = " UNION ALL ".join(self.sql(select) for select in selects) 1934 return f"({unions}){alias}"
1947 def group_sql(self, expression: exp.Group) -> str: 1948 group_by_all = expression.args.get("all") 1949 if group_by_all is True: 1950 modifier = " ALL" 1951 elif group_by_all is False: 1952 modifier = " DISTINCT" 1953 else: 1954 modifier = "" 1955 1956 group_by = self.op_expressions(f"GROUP BY{modifier}", expression) 1957 1958 grouping_sets = self.expressions(expression, key="grouping_sets", indent=False) 1959 grouping_sets = ( 1960 f"{self.seg('GROUPING SETS')} {self.wrap(grouping_sets)}" if grouping_sets else "" 1961 ) 1962 1963 cube = expression.args.get("cube", []) 1964 if seq_get(cube, 0) is True: 1965 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH CUBE')}" 1966 else: 1967 cube_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="cube", indent=False) 1968 cube_sql = f"{self.seg('CUBE')} {self.wrap(cube_sql)}" if cube_sql else "" 1969 1970 rollup = expression.args.get("rollup", []) 1971 if seq_get(rollup, 0) is True: 1972 return f"{group_by}{self.seg('WITH ROLLUP')}" 1973 else: 1974 rollup_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="rollup", indent=False) 1975 rollup_sql = f"{self.seg('ROLLUP')} {self.wrap(rollup_sql)}" if rollup_sql else "" 1976 1977 groupings = csv( 1978 grouping_sets, 1979 cube_sql, 1980 rollup_sql, 1981 self.seg("WITH TOTALS") if expression.args.get("totals") else "", 1982 sep=self.GROUPINGS_SEP, 1983 ) 1984 1985 if expression.args.get("expressions") and groupings: 1986 group_by = f"{group_by}{self.GROUPINGS_SEP}" 1987 1988 return f"{group_by}{groupings}"
1994 def connect_sql(self, expression: exp.Connect) -> str: 1995 start = self.sql(expression, "start") 1996 start = self.seg(f"START WITH {start}") if start else "" 1997 nocycle = " NOCYCLE" if expression.args.get("nocycle") else "" 1998 connect = self.sql(expression, "connect") 1999 connect = self.seg(f"CONNECT BY{nocycle} {connect}") 2000 return start + connect
2005 def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str: 2006 if not self.SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE and expression.kind in ("SEMI", "ANTI"): 2007 side = None 2008 else: 2009 side = expression.side 2010 2011 op_sql = " ".join( 2012 op 2013 for op in ( 2014 expression.method, 2015 "GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("global") else None, 2016 side, 2017 expression.kind, 2018 expression.hint if self.JOIN_HINTS else None, 2019 ) 2020 if op 2021 ) 2022 match_cond = self.sql(expression, "match_condition") 2023 match_cond = f" MATCH_CONDITION ({match_cond})" if match_cond else "" 2024 on_sql = self.sql(expression, "on") 2025 using = expression.args.get("using") 2026 2027 if not on_sql and using: 2028 on_sql = csv(*(self.sql(column) for column in using)) 2029 2030 this = expression.this 2031 this_sql = self.sql(this) 2032 2033 if on_sql: 2034 on_sql = self.indent(on_sql, skip_first=True) 2035 space = self.seg(" " * self.pad) if self.pretty else " " 2036 if using: 2037 on_sql = f"{space}USING ({on_sql})" 2038 else: 2039 on_sql = f"{space}ON {on_sql}" 2040 elif not op_sql: 2041 if isinstance(this, exp.Lateral) and this.args.get("cross_apply") is not None: 2042 return f" {this_sql}" 2043 2044 return f", {this_sql}" 2045 2046 if op_sql != "STRAIGHT_JOIN": 2047 op_sql = f"{op_sql} JOIN" if op_sql else "JOIN" 2048 2049 return f"{self.seg(op_sql)} {this_sql}{match_cond}{on_sql}"
2056 def lateral_op(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2057 cross_apply = expression.args.get("cross_apply") 2058 2059 # https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/1958/sql-server-cross-apply-and-outer-apply/ 2060 if cross_apply is True: 2061 op = "INNER JOIN " 2062 elif cross_apply is False: 2063 op = "LEFT JOIN " 2064 else: 2065 op = "" 2066 2067 return f"{op}LATERAL"
2069 def lateral_sql(self, expression: exp.Lateral) -> str: 2070 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2071 2072 if expression.args.get("view"): 2073 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2074 columns = self.expressions(alias, key="columns", flat=True) 2075 table = f" {alias.name}" if alias.name else "" 2076 columns = f" AS {columns}" if columns else "" 2077 op_sql = self.seg(f"LATERAL VIEW{' OUTER' if expression.args.get('outer') else ''}") 2078 return f"{op_sql}{self.sep()}{this}{table}{columns}" 2079 2080 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2081 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else "" 2082 return f"{self.lateral_op(expression)} {this}{alias}"
2084 def limit_sql(self, expression: exp.Limit, top: bool = False) -> str: 2085 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2086 2087 args = [ 2088 self._simplify_unless_literal(e) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else e 2089 for e in (expression.args.get(k) for k in ("offset", "expression")) 2090 if e 2091 ] 2092 2093 args_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in args) 2094 args_sql = f"({args_sql})" if top and any(not e.is_number for e in args) else args_sql 2095 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2096 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2097 2098 return f"{this}{self.seg('TOP' if top else 'LIMIT')} {args_sql}{expressions}"
2100 def offset_sql(self, expression: exp.Offset) -> str: 2101 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2102 value = expression.expression 2103 value = self._simplify_unless_literal(value) if self.LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS else value 2104 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2105 expressions = f" BY {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2106 return f"{this}{self.seg('OFFSET')} {self.sql(value)}{expressions}"
2108 def setitem_sql(self, expression: exp.SetItem) -> str: 2109 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2110 kind = f"{kind} " if kind else "" 2111 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2112 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2113 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 2114 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 2115 global_ = "GLOBAL " if expression.args.get("global") else "" 2116 return f"{global_}{kind}{this}{expressions}{collate}"
2118 def set_sql(self, expression: exp.Set) -> str: 2119 expressions = ( 2120 f" {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" if expression.expressions else "" 2121 ) 2122 tag = " TAG" if expression.args.get("tag") else "" 2123 return f"{'UNSET' if expression.args.get('unset') else 'SET'}{tag}{expressions}"
2128 def lock_sql(self, expression: exp.Lock) -> str: 2129 if not self.LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED: 2130 self.unsupported("Locking reads using 'FOR UPDATE/SHARE' are not supported") 2131 return "" 2132 2133 lock_type = "FOR UPDATE" if expression.args["update"] else "FOR SHARE" 2134 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2135 expressions = f" OF {expressions}" if expressions else "" 2136 wait = expression.args.get("wait") 2137 2138 if wait is not None: 2139 if isinstance(wait, exp.Literal): 2140 wait = f" WAIT {self.sql(wait)}" 2141 else: 2142 wait = " NOWAIT" if wait else " SKIP LOCKED" 2143 2144 return f"{lock_type}{expressions}{wait or ''}"
def
escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str:
2152 def escape_str(self, text: str, escape_backslash: bool = True) -> str: 2153 if self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: 2154 to_escaped = self.dialect.ESCAPED_SEQUENCES 2155 text = "".join( 2156 to_escaped.get(ch, ch) if escape_backslash or ch != "\\" else ch for ch in text 2157 ) 2158 2159 return self._replace_line_breaks(text).replace( 2160 self.dialect.QUOTE_END, self._escaped_quote_end 2161 )
2163 def loaddata_sql(self, expression: exp.LoadData) -> str: 2164 local = " LOCAL" if expression.args.get("local") else "" 2165 inpath = f" INPATH {self.sql(expression, 'inpath')}" 2166 overwrite = " OVERWRITE" if expression.args.get("overwrite") else "" 2167 this = f" INTO TABLE {self.sql(expression, 'this')}" 2168 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 2169 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 2170 input_format = self.sql(expression, "input_format") 2171 input_format = f" INPUTFORMAT {input_format}" if input_format else "" 2172 serde = self.sql(expression, "serde") 2173 serde = f" SERDE {serde}" if serde else "" 2174 return f"LOAD DATA{local}{inpath}{overwrite}{this}{partition}{input_format}{serde}"
2182 def order_sql(self, expression: exp.Order, flat: bool = False) -> str: 2183 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2184 this = f"{this} " if this else this 2185 siblings = "SIBLINGS " if expression.args.get("siblings") else "" 2186 order = self.op_expressions(f"{this}ORDER {siblings}BY", expression, flat=this or flat) # type: ignore 2187 interpolated_values = [ 2188 f"{self.sql(named_expression, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(named_expression, 'this')}" 2189 for named_expression in expression.args.get("interpolate") or [] 2190 ] 2191 interpolate = ( 2192 f" INTERPOLATE ({', '.join(interpolated_values)})" if interpolated_values else "" 2193 ) 2194 return f"{order}{interpolate}"
2196 def withfill_sql(self, expression: exp.WithFill) -> str: 2197 from_sql = self.sql(expression, "from") 2198 from_sql = f" FROM {from_sql}" if from_sql else "" 2199 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 2200 to_sql = f" TO {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 2201 step_sql = self.sql(expression, "step") 2202 step_sql = f" STEP {step_sql}" if step_sql else "" 2203 return f"WITH FILL{from_sql}{to_sql}{step_sql}"
2214 def ordered_sql(self, expression: exp.Ordered) -> str: 2215 desc = expression.args.get("desc") 2216 asc = not desc 2217 2218 nulls_first = expression.args.get("nulls_first") 2219 nulls_last = not nulls_first 2220 nulls_are_large = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_large" 2221 nulls_are_small = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_small" 2222 nulls_are_last = self.dialect.NULL_ORDERING == "nulls_are_last" 2223 2224 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2225 2226 sort_order = " DESC" if desc else (" ASC" if desc is False else "") 2227 nulls_sort_change = "" 2228 if nulls_first and ( 2229 (asc and nulls_are_large) or (desc and nulls_are_small) or nulls_are_last 2230 ): 2231 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS FIRST" 2232 elif ( 2233 nulls_last 2234 and ((asc and nulls_are_small) or (desc and nulls_are_large)) 2235 and not nulls_are_last 2236 ): 2237 nulls_sort_change = " NULLS LAST" 2238 2239 # If the NULLS FIRST/LAST clause is unsupported, we add another sort key to simulate it 2240 if nulls_sort_change and not self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED: 2241 window = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Window, exp.Select) 2242 if isinstance(window, exp.Window) and window.args.get("spec"): 2243 self.unsupported( 2244 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported in window functions" 2245 ) 2246 nulls_sort_change = "" 2247 elif self.NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED is None: 2248 if expression.this.is_int: 2249 self.unsupported( 2250 f"'{nulls_sort_change.strip()}' translation not supported with positional ordering" 2251 ) 2252 elif not isinstance(expression.this, exp.Rand): 2253 null_sort_order = " DESC" if nulls_sort_change == " NULLS FIRST" else "" 2254 this = f"CASE WHEN {this} IS NULL THEN 1 ELSE 0 END{null_sort_order}, {this}" 2255 nulls_sort_change = "" 2256 2257 with_fill = self.sql(expression, "with_fill") 2258 with_fill = f" {with_fill}" if with_fill else "" 2259 2260 return f"{this}{sort_order}{nulls_sort_change}{with_fill}"
2270 def matchrecognize_sql(self, expression: exp.MatchRecognize) -> str: 2271 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2272 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2273 measures = self.expressions(expression, key="measures") 2274 measures = self.seg(f"MEASURES{self.seg(measures)}") if measures else "" 2275 rows = self.sql(expression, "rows") 2276 rows = self.seg(rows) if rows else "" 2277 after = self.sql(expression, "after") 2278 after = self.seg(after) if after else "" 2279 pattern = self.sql(expression, "pattern") 2280 pattern = self.seg(f"PATTERN ({pattern})") if pattern else "" 2281 definition_sqls = [ 2282 f"{self.sql(definition, 'alias')} AS {self.sql(definition, 'this')}" 2283 for definition in expression.args.get("define", []) 2284 ] 2285 definitions = self.expressions(sqls=definition_sqls) 2286 define = self.seg(f"DEFINE{self.seg(definitions)}") if definitions else "" 2287 body = "".join( 2288 ( 2289 partition, 2290 order, 2291 measures, 2292 rows, 2293 after, 2294 pattern, 2295 define, 2296 ) 2297 ) 2298 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2299 alias = f" {alias}" if alias else "" 2300 return f"{self.seg('MATCH_RECOGNIZE')} {self.wrap(body)}{alias}"
2302 def query_modifiers(self, expression: exp.Expression, *sqls: str) -> str: 2303 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2304 2305 if self.LIMIT_FETCH == "LIMIT" and isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch): 2306 limit = exp.Limit(expression=exp.maybe_copy(limit.args.get("count"))) 2307 elif self.LIMIT_FETCH == "FETCH" and isinstance(limit, exp.Limit): 2308 limit = exp.Fetch(direction="FIRST", count=exp.maybe_copy(limit.expression)) 2309 2310 return csv( 2311 *sqls, 2312 *[self.sql(join) for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []], 2313 self.sql(expression, "connect"), 2314 self.sql(expression, "match"), 2315 *[self.sql(lateral) for lateral in expression.args.get("laterals") or []], 2316 self.sql(expression, "prewhere"), 2317 self.sql(expression, "where"), 2318 self.sql(expression, "group"), 2319 self.sql(expression, "having"), 2320 *[gen(self, expression) for gen in self.AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS.values()], 2321 self.sql(expression, "order"), 2322 *self.offset_limit_modifiers(expression, isinstance(limit, exp.Fetch), limit), 2323 *self.after_limit_modifiers(expression), 2324 self.options_modifier(expression), 2325 sep="", 2326 )
def
offset_limit_modifiers( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: Union[sqlglot.expressions.Fetch, sqlglot.expressions.Limit, NoneType]) -> List[str]:
2335 def offset_limit_modifiers( 2336 self, expression: exp.Expression, fetch: bool, limit: t.Optional[exp.Fetch | exp.Limit] 2337 ) -> t.List[str]: 2338 return [ 2339 self.sql(expression, "offset") if fetch else self.sql(limit), 2340 self.sql(limit) if fetch else self.sql(expression, "offset"), 2341 ]
2348 def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str: 2349 into = expression.args.get("into") 2350 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2351 into.pop() 2352 2353 hint = self.sql(expression, "hint") 2354 distinct = self.sql(expression, "distinct") 2355 distinct = f" {distinct}" if distinct else "" 2356 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2357 2358 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2359 if isinstance(limit, exp.Limit) and self.LIMIT_IS_TOP: 2360 top = self.limit_sql(limit, top=True) 2361 limit.pop() 2362 else: 2363 top = "" 2364 2365 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2366 2367 if kind: 2368 if kind in self.SELECT_KINDS: 2369 kind = f" AS {kind}" 2370 else: 2371 if kind == "STRUCT": 2372 expressions = self.expressions( 2373 sqls=[ 2374 self.sql( 2375 exp.Struct( 2376 expressions=[ 2377 exp.PropertyEQ(this=e.args.get("alias"), expression=e.this) 2378 if isinstance(e, exp.Alias) 2379 else e 2380 for e in expression.expressions 2381 ] 2382 ) 2383 ) 2384 ] 2385 ) 2386 kind = "" 2387 2388 # We use LIMIT_IS_TOP as a proxy for whether DISTINCT should go first because tsql and Teradata 2389 # are the only dialects that use LIMIT_IS_TOP and both place DISTINCT first. 2390 top_distinct = f"{distinct}{hint}{top}" if self.LIMIT_IS_TOP else f"{top}{hint}{distinct}" 2391 expressions = f"{self.sep()}{expressions}" if expressions else expressions 2392 sql = self.query_modifiers( 2393 expression, 2394 f"SELECT{top_distinct}{kind}{expressions}", 2395 self.sql(expression, "into", comment=False), 2396 self.sql(expression, "from", comment=False), 2397 ) 2398 2399 sql = self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql) 2400 2401 if not self.SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO and into: 2402 if into.args.get("temporary"): 2403 table_kind = " TEMPORARY" 2404 elif self.SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES and into.args.get("unlogged"): 2405 table_kind = " UNLOGGED" 2406 else: 2407 table_kind = "" 2408 sql = f"CREATE{table_kind} TABLE {self.sql(into.this)} AS {sql}" 2409 2410 return sql
2422 def star_sql(self, expression: exp.Star) -> str: 2423 except_ = self.expressions(expression, key="except", flat=True) 2424 except_ = f"{self.seg(self.STAR_EXCEPT)} ({except_})" if except_ else "" 2425 replace = self.expressions(expression, key="replace", flat=True) 2426 replace = f"{self.seg('REPLACE')} ({replace})" if replace else "" 2427 rename = self.expressions(expression, key="rename", flat=True) 2428 rename = f"{self.seg('RENAME')} ({rename})" if rename else "" 2429 return f"*{except_}{replace}{rename}"
2445 def subquery_sql(self, expression: exp.Subquery, sep: str = " AS ") -> str: 2446 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2447 alias = f"{sep}{alias}" if alias else "" 2448 pivots = self.expressions(expression, key="pivots", sep="", flat=True) 2449 sql = self.query_modifiers(expression, self.wrap(expression), alias, pivots) 2450 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, sql)
2456 def set_operations(self, expression: exp.SetOperation) -> str: 2457 if not self.SET_OP_MODIFIERS: 2458 limit = expression.args.get("limit") 2459 order = expression.args.get("order") 2460 2461 if limit or order: 2462 select = exp.subquery(expression, "_l_0", copy=False).select("*", copy=False) 2463 2464 if limit: 2465 select = select.limit(limit.pop(), copy=False) 2466 if order: 2467 select = select.order_by(order.pop(), copy=False) 2468 return self.sql(select) 2469 2470 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2471 stack: t.List[t.Union[str, exp.Expression]] = [expression] 2472 2473 while stack: 2474 node = stack.pop() 2475 2476 if isinstance(node, exp.SetOperation): 2477 stack.append(node.expression) 2478 stack.append( 2479 self.maybe_comment( 2480 getattr(self, f"{node.key}_op")(node), 2481 comments=node.comments, 2482 separated=True, 2483 ) 2484 ) 2485 stack.append(node.this) 2486 else: 2487 sqls.append(self.sql(node)) 2488 2489 this = self.sep().join(sqls) 2490 this = self.query_modifiers(expression, this) 2491 return self.prepend_ctes(expression, this)
2502 def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str: 2503 args = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2504 2505 alias = expression.args.get("alias") 2506 offset = expression.args.get("offset") 2507 2508 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2509 if alias and isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2510 alias.append("columns", offset) 2511 2512 if alias and self.dialect.UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY: 2513 columns = alias.columns 2514 alias = self.sql(columns[0]) if columns else "" 2515 else: 2516 alias = self.sql(alias) 2517 2518 alias = f" AS {alias}" if alias else alias 2519 if self.UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY: 2520 suffix = f" WITH ORDINALITY{alias}" if offset else alias 2521 else: 2522 if isinstance(offset, exp.Expression): 2523 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET AS {self.sql(offset)}" 2524 elif offset: 2525 suffix = f"{alias} WITH OFFSET" 2526 else: 2527 suffix = alias 2528 2529 return f"UNNEST({args}){suffix}"
2538 def window_sql(self, expression: exp.Window) -> str: 2539 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2540 partition = self.partition_by_sql(expression) 2541 order = expression.args.get("order") 2542 order = self.order_sql(order, flat=True) if order else "" 2543 spec = self.sql(expression, "spec") 2544 alias = self.sql(expression, "alias") 2545 over = self.sql(expression, "over") or "OVER" 2546 2547 this = f"{this} {'AS' if expression.arg_key == 'windows' else over}" 2548 2549 first = expression.args.get("first") 2550 if first is None: 2551 first = "" 2552 else: 2553 first = "FIRST" if first else "LAST" 2554 2555 if not partition and not order and not spec and alias: 2556 return f"{this} {alias}" 2557 2558 args = " ".join(arg for arg in (alias, first, partition, order, spec) if arg) 2559 return f"{this} ({args})"
def
partition_by_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Window | sqlglot.expressions.MatchRecognize) -> str:
2565 def windowspec_sql(self, expression: exp.WindowSpec) -> str: 2566 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2567 start = csv(self.sql(expression, "start"), self.sql(expression, "start_side"), sep=" ") 2568 end = ( 2569 csv(self.sql(expression, "end"), self.sql(expression, "end_side"), sep=" ") 2570 or "CURRENT ROW" 2571 ) 2572 return f"{kind} BETWEEN {start} AND {end}"
def
bracket_offset_expressions( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2600 def any_sql(self, expression: exp.Any) -> str: 2601 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2602 if isinstance(expression.this, (*exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES, exp.Paren)): 2603 if isinstance(expression.this, exp.UNWRAPPED_QUERIES): 2604 this = self.wrap(this) 2605 return f"ANY{this}" 2606 return f"ANY {this}"
2611 def case_sql(self, expression: exp.Case) -> str: 2612 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2613 statements = [f"CASE {this}" if this else "CASE"] 2614 2615 for e in expression.args["ifs"]: 2616 statements.append(f"WHEN {self.sql(e, 'this')}") 2617 statements.append(f"THEN {self.sql(e, 'true')}") 2618 2619 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 2620 2621 if default: 2622 statements.append(f"ELSE {default}") 2623 2624 statements.append("END") 2625 2626 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(statements): 2627 return self.indent("\n".join(statements), skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 2628 2629 return " ".join(statements)
2646 def trim_sql(self, expression: exp.Trim) -> str: 2647 trim_type = self.sql(expression, "position") 2648 2649 if trim_type == "LEADING": 2650 return self.func("LTRIM", expression.this) 2651 elif trim_type == "TRAILING": 2652 return self.func("RTRIM", expression.this) 2653 else: 2654 return self.func("TRIM", expression.this, expression.expression)
def
convert_concat_args( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Concat | sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs) -> List[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]:
2656 def convert_concat_args(self, expression: exp.Concat | exp.ConcatWs) -> t.List[exp.Expression]: 2657 args = expression.expressions 2658 if isinstance(expression, exp.ConcatWs): 2659 args = args[1:] # Skip the delimiter 2660 2661 if self.dialect.STRICT_STRING_CONCAT and expression.args.get("safe"): 2662 args = [exp.cast(e, exp.DataType.Type.TEXT) for e in args] 2663 2664 if not self.dialect.CONCAT_COALESCE and expression.args.get("coalesce"): 2665 args = [exp.func("coalesce", e, exp.Literal.string("")) for e in args] 2666 2667 return args
2669 def concat_sql(self, expression: exp.Concat) -> str: 2670 expressions = self.convert_concat_args(expression) 2671 2672 # Some dialects don't allow a single-argument CONCAT call 2673 if not self.SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT and len(expressions) == 1: 2674 return self.sql(expressions[0]) 2675 2676 return self.func("CONCAT", *expressions)
2687 def foreignkey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2688 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2689 reference = self.sql(expression, "reference") 2690 reference = f" {reference}" if reference else "" 2691 delete = self.sql(expression, "delete") 2692 delete = f" ON DELETE {delete}" if delete else "" 2693 update = self.sql(expression, "update") 2694 update = f" ON UPDATE {update}" if update else "" 2695 return f"FOREIGN KEY ({expressions}){reference}{delete}{update}"
2697 def primarykey_sql(self, expression: exp.ForeignKey) -> str: 2698 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2699 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2700 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2701 return f"PRIMARY KEY ({expressions}){options}"
2721 def json_path_part(self, expression: int | str | exp.JSONPathPart) -> str: 2722 if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONPathPart): 2723 transform = self.TRANSFORMS.get(expression.__class__) 2724 if not callable(transform): 2725 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported JSONPathPart type {expression.__class__.__name__}") 2726 return "" 2727 2728 return transform(self, expression) 2729 2730 if isinstance(expression, int): 2731 return str(expression) 2732 2733 if self.JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE: 2734 escaped = expression.replace("'", "\\'") 2735 escaped = f"\\'{expression}\\'" 2736 else: 2737 escaped = expression.replace('"', '\\"') 2738 escaped = f'"{escaped}"' 2739 2740 return escaped
def
jsonobject_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject | sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg) -> str:
2745 def jsonobject_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONObject | exp.JSONObjectAgg) -> str: 2746 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2747 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2748 2749 unique_keys = expression.args.get("unique_keys") 2750 if unique_keys is not None: 2751 unique_keys = f" {'WITH' if unique_keys else 'WITHOUT'} UNIQUE KEYS" 2752 else: 2753 unique_keys = "" 2754 2755 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2756 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2757 encoding = self.sql(expression, "encoding") 2758 encoding = f" ENCODING {encoding}" if encoding else "" 2759 2760 return self.func( 2761 "JSON_OBJECT" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONObject) else "JSON_OBJECTAGG", 2762 *expression.expressions, 2763 suffix=f"{null_handling}{unique_keys}{return_type}{encoding})", 2764 )
2769 def jsonarray_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArray) -> str: 2770 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2771 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2772 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2773 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2774 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2775 return self.func( 2776 "JSON_ARRAY", *expression.expressions, suffix=f"{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})" 2777 )
2779 def jsonarrayagg_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONArrayAgg) -> str: 2780 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2781 order = self.sql(expression, "order") 2782 null_handling = expression.args.get("null_handling") 2783 null_handling = f" {null_handling}" if null_handling else "" 2784 return_type = self.sql(expression, "return_type") 2785 return_type = f" RETURNING {return_type}" if return_type else "" 2786 strict = " STRICT" if expression.args.get("strict") else "" 2787 return self.func( 2788 "JSON_ARRAYAGG", 2789 this, 2790 suffix=f"{order}{null_handling}{return_type}{strict})", 2791 )
2793 def jsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONColumnDef) -> str: 2794 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2795 path = f" PATH {path}" if path else "" 2796 nested_schema = self.sql(expression, "nested_schema") 2797 2798 if nested_schema: 2799 return f"NESTED{path} {nested_schema}" 2800 2801 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2802 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2803 kind = f" {kind}" if kind else "" 2804 return f"{this}{kind}{path}"
2809 def jsontable_sql(self, expression: exp.JSONTable) -> str: 2810 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2811 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2812 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2813 error_handling = expression.args.get("error_handling") 2814 error_handling = f" {error_handling}" if error_handling else "" 2815 empty_handling = expression.args.get("empty_handling") 2816 empty_handling = f" {empty_handling}" if empty_handling else "" 2817 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 2818 return self.func( 2819 "JSON_TABLE", this, suffix=f"{path}{error_handling}{empty_handling} {schema})" 2820 )
2822 def openjsoncolumndef_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSONColumnDef) -> str: 2823 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2824 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 2825 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2826 path = f" {path}" if path else "" 2827 as_json = " AS JSON" if expression.args.get("as_json") else "" 2828 return f"{this} {kind}{path}{as_json}"
2830 def openjson_sql(self, expression: exp.OpenJSON) -> str: 2831 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2832 path = self.sql(expression, "path") 2833 path = f", {path}" if path else "" 2834 expressions = self.expressions(expression) 2835 with_ = ( 2836 f" WITH ({self.seg(self.indent(expressions), sep='')}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" 2837 if expressions 2838 else "" 2839 ) 2840 return f"OPENJSON({this}{path}){with_}"
2842 def in_sql(self, expression: exp.In) -> str: 2843 query = expression.args.get("query") 2844 unnest = expression.args.get("unnest") 2845 field = expression.args.get("field") 2846 is_global = " GLOBAL" if expression.args.get("is_global") else "" 2847 2848 if query: 2849 in_sql = self.sql(query) 2850 elif unnest: 2851 in_sql = self.in_unnest_op(unnest) 2852 elif field: 2853 in_sql = self.sql(field) 2854 else: 2855 in_sql = f"({self.expressions(expression, flat=True)})" 2856 2857 return f"{self.sql(expression, 'this')}{is_global} IN {in_sql}"
2862 def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str: 2863 unit = self.sql(expression, "unit") 2864 if not self.INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM: 2865 unit = self.TIME_PART_SINGULARS.get(unit, unit) 2866 unit = f" {unit}" if unit else "" 2867 2868 if self.SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL: 2869 this = expression.this.name if expression.this else "" 2870 return f"INTERVAL '{this}{unit}'" if this else f"INTERVAL{unit}" 2871 2872 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2873 if this: 2874 unwrapped = isinstance(expression.this, self.UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES) 2875 this = f" {this}" if unwrapped else f" ({this})" 2876 2877 return f"INTERVAL{this}{unit}"
2882 def reference_sql(self, expression: exp.Reference) -> str: 2883 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 2884 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 2885 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 2886 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", flat=True, sep=" ") 2887 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 2888 return f"REFERENCES {this}{expressions}{options}"
2911 def pivotalias_sql(self, expression: exp.PivotAlias) -> str: 2912 alias = expression.args["alias"] 2913 2914 identifier_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Identifier) 2915 literal_alias = isinstance(alias, exp.Literal) 2916 2917 if identifier_alias and not self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2918 alias.replace(exp.Literal.string(alias.output_name)) 2919 elif not identifier_alias and literal_alias and self.UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS: 2920 alias.replace(exp.to_identifier(alias.output_name)) 2921 2922 return self.alias_sql(expression)
def
and_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.And, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
or_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Or, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
xor_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Xor, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
def
connector_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Connector, op: str, stack: Optional[List[str | sqlglot.expressions.Expression]] = None) -> str:
2960 def connector_sql( 2961 self, 2962 expression: exp.Connector, 2963 op: str, 2964 stack: t.Optional[t.List[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 2965 ) -> str: 2966 if stack is not None: 2967 if expression.expressions: 2968 stack.append(self.expressions(expression, sep=f" {op} ")) 2969 else: 2970 stack.append(expression.right) 2971 if expression.comments and self.comments: 2972 for comment in expression.comments: 2973 if comment: 2974 op += f" /*{self.pad_comment(comment)}*/" 2975 stack.extend((op, expression.left)) 2976 return op 2977 2978 stack = [expression] 2979 sqls: t.List[str] = [] 2980 ops = set() 2981 2982 while stack: 2983 node = stack.pop() 2984 if isinstance(node, exp.Connector): 2985 ops.add(getattr(self, f"{node.key}_sql")(node, stack)) 2986 else: 2987 sql = self.sql(node) 2988 if sqls and sqls[-1] in ops: 2989 sqls[-1] += f" {sql}" 2990 else: 2991 sqls.append(sql) 2992 2993 sep = "\n" if self.pretty and self.too_wide(sqls) else " " 2994 return sep.join(sqls)
def
cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
3014 def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str: 3015 format_sql = self.sql(expression, "format") 3016 format_sql = f" FORMAT {format_sql}" if format_sql else "" 3017 to_sql = self.sql(expression, "to") 3018 to_sql = f" {to_sql}" if to_sql else "" 3019 action = self.sql(expression, "action") 3020 action = f" {action}" if action else "" 3021 return f"{safe_prefix or ''}CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS{to_sql}{format_sql}{action})"
3035 def comment_sql(self, expression: exp.Comment) -> str: 3036 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3037 kind = expression.args["kind"] 3038 materialized = " MATERIALIZED" if expression.args.get("materialized") else "" 3039 exists_sql = " IF EXISTS " if expression.args.get("exists") else " " 3040 expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3041 return f"COMMENT{exists_sql}ON{materialized} {kind} {this} IS {expression_sql}"
3043 def mergetreettlaction_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTLAction) -> str: 3044 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3045 delete = " DELETE" if expression.args.get("delete") else "" 3046 recompress = self.sql(expression, "recompress") 3047 recompress = f" RECOMPRESS {recompress}" if recompress else "" 3048 to_disk = self.sql(expression, "to_disk") 3049 to_disk = f" TO DISK {to_disk}" if to_disk else "" 3050 to_volume = self.sql(expression, "to_volume") 3051 to_volume = f" TO VOLUME {to_volume}" if to_volume else "" 3052 return f"{this}{delete}{recompress}{to_disk}{to_volume}"
3054 def mergetreettl_sql(self, expression: exp.MergeTreeTTL) -> str: 3055 where = self.sql(expression, "where") 3056 group = self.sql(expression, "group") 3057 aggregates = self.expressions(expression, key="aggregates") 3058 aggregates = self.seg("SET") + self.seg(aggregates) if aggregates else "" 3059 3060 if not (where or group or aggregates) and len(expression.expressions) == 1: 3061 return f"TTL {self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}" 3062 3063 return f"TTL{self.seg(self.expressions(expression))}{where}{group}{aggregates}"
3080 def altercolumn_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterColumn) -> str: 3081 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3082 3083 dtype = self.sql(expression, "dtype") 3084 if dtype: 3085 collate = self.sql(expression, "collate") 3086 collate = f" COLLATE {collate}" if collate else "" 3087 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3088 using = f" USING {using}" if using else "" 3089 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DATA TYPE {dtype}{collate}{using}" 3090 3091 default = self.sql(expression, "default") 3092 if default: 3093 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} SET DEFAULT {default}" 3094 3095 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3096 if comment: 3097 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} COMMENT {comment}" 3098 3099 allow_null = expression.args.get("allow_null") 3100 drop = expression.args.get("drop") 3101 3102 if not drop and not allow_null: 3103 self.unsupported("Unsupported ALTER COLUMN syntax") 3104 3105 if allow_null is not None: 3106 keyword = "DROP" if drop else "SET" 3107 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} {keyword} NOT NULL" 3108 3109 return f"ALTER COLUMN {this} DROP DEFAULT"
3117 def altersortkey_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSortKey) -> str: 3118 compound = " COMPOUND" if expression.args.get("compound") else "" 3119 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3120 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3121 expressions = f"({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3122 return f"ALTER{compound} SORTKEY {this or expressions}"
3124 def renametable_sql(self, expression: exp.RenameTable) -> str: 3125 if not self.RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB: 3126 # Remove db from tables 3127 expression = expression.transform( 3128 lambda n: exp.table_(n.this) if isinstance(n, exp.Table) else n 3129 ).assert_is(exp.RenameTable) 3130 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3131 return f"RENAME TO {this}"
3143 def alter_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3144 actions = expression.args["actions"] 3145 3146 if isinstance(actions[0], exp.ColumnDef): 3147 actions = self.add_column_sql(expression) 3148 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Schema): 3149 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", prefix="ADD COLUMNS ") 3150 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Delete): 3151 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3152 elif isinstance(actions[0], exp.Query): 3153 actions = "AS " + self.expressions(expression, key="actions") 3154 else: 3155 actions = self.expressions(expression, key="actions", flat=True) 3156 3157 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3158 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3159 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3160 only = " ONLY" if expression.args.get("only") else "" 3161 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options") 3162 options = f", {options}" if options else "" 3163 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3164 return f"ALTER {kind}{exists}{only} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}{on_cluster} {actions}{options}"
3166 def add_column_sql(self, expression: exp.Alter) -> str: 3167 if self.ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD: 3168 return self.expressions( 3169 expression, 3170 key="actions", 3171 prefix="ADD COLUMN ", 3172 skip_first=True, 3173 ) 3174 return f"ADD {self.expressions(expression, key='actions', flat=True)}"
3184 def distinct_sql(self, expression: exp.Distinct) -> str: 3185 this = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3186 3187 if not self.MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT and len(expression.expressions) > 1: 3188 case = exp.case() 3189 for arg in expression.expressions: 3190 case = case.when(arg.is_(exp.null()), exp.null()) 3191 this = self.sql(case.else_(f"({this})")) 3192 3193 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3194 3195 on = self.sql(expression, "on") 3196 on = f" ON {on}" if on else "" 3197 return f"DISTINCT{this}{on}"
3226 def div_sql(self, expression: exp.Div) -> str: 3227 l, r = expression.left, expression.right 3228 3229 if not self.dialect.SAFE_DIVISION and expression.args.get("safe"): 3230 r.replace(exp.Nullif(this=r.copy(), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))) 3231 3232 if self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and not expression.args.get("typed"): 3233 if not l.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES) and not r.is_type(*exp.DataType.REAL_TYPES): 3234 l.replace(exp.cast(l.copy(), to=exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3235 3236 elif not self.dialect.TYPED_DIVISION and expression.args.get("typed"): 3237 if l.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES) and r.is_type(*exp.DataType.INTEGER_TYPES): 3238 return self.sql( 3239 exp.cast( 3240 l / r, 3241 to=exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT, 3242 ) 3243 ) 3244 3245 return self.binary(expression, "/")
3333 def log_sql(self, expression: exp.Log) -> str: 3334 this = expression.this 3335 expr = expression.expression 3336 3337 if self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is False: 3338 this, expr = expr, this 3339 elif self.dialect.LOG_BASE_FIRST is None and expr: 3340 if this.name in ("2", "10"): 3341 return self.func(f"LOG{this.name}", expr) 3342 3343 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported logarithm with base {self.sql(this)}") 3344 3345 return self.func("LOG", this, expr)
3358 def function_fallback_sql(self, expression: exp.Func) -> str: 3359 args = [] 3360 3361 for key in expression.arg_types: 3362 arg_value = expression.args.get(key) 3363 3364 if isinstance(arg_value, list): 3365 for value in arg_value: 3366 args.append(value) 3367 elif arg_value is not None: 3368 args.append(arg_value) 3369 3370 if self.normalize_functions: 3371 name = expression.sql_name() 3372 else: 3373 name = (expression._meta and expression.meta.get("name")) or expression.sql_name() 3374 3375 return self.func(name, *args)
def
func( self, name: str, *args: Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression, NoneType], prefix: str = '(', suffix: str = ')') -> str:
3386 def format_args(self, *args: t.Optional[str | exp.Expression]) -> str: 3387 arg_sqls = tuple( 3388 self.sql(arg) for arg in args if arg is not None and not isinstance(arg, bool) 3389 ) 3390 if self.pretty and self.too_wide(arg_sqls): 3391 return self.indent("\n" + ",\n".join(arg_sqls) + "\n", skip_first=True, skip_last=True) 3392 return ", ".join(arg_sqls)
def
format_time( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, inverse_time_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None, inverse_time_trie: Optional[Dict] = None) -> Optional[str]:
3397 def format_time( 3398 self, 3399 expression: exp.Expression, 3400 inverse_time_mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None, 3401 inverse_time_trie: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None, 3402 ) -> t.Optional[str]: 3403 return format_time( 3404 self.sql(expression, "format"), 3405 inverse_time_mapping or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING, 3406 inverse_time_trie or self.dialect.INVERSE_TIME_TRIE, 3407 )
def
expressions( self, expression: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression] = None, key: Optional[str] = None, sqls: Optional[Collection[Union[str, sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]] = None, flat: bool = False, indent: bool = True, skip_first: bool = False, skip_last: bool = False, sep: str = ', ', prefix: str = '', dynamic: bool = False, new_line: bool = False) -> str:
3409 def expressions( 3410 self, 3411 expression: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None, 3412 key: t.Optional[str] = None, 3413 sqls: t.Optional[t.Collection[str | exp.Expression]] = None, 3414 flat: bool = False, 3415 indent: bool = True, 3416 skip_first: bool = False, 3417 skip_last: bool = False, 3418 sep: str = ", ", 3419 prefix: str = "", 3420 dynamic: bool = False, 3421 new_line: bool = False, 3422 ) -> str: 3423 expressions = expression.args.get(key or "expressions") if expression else sqls 3424 3425 if not expressions: 3426 return "" 3427 3428 if flat: 3429 return sep.join(sql for sql in (self.sql(e) for e in expressions) if sql) 3430 3431 num_sqls = len(expressions) 3432 result_sqls = [] 3433 3434 for i, e in enumerate(expressions): 3435 sql = self.sql(e, comment=False) 3436 if not sql: 3437 continue 3438 3439 comments = self.maybe_comment("", e) if isinstance(e, exp.Expression) else "" 3440 3441 if self.pretty: 3442 if self.leading_comma: 3443 result_sqls.append(f"{sep if i > 0 else ''}{prefix}{sql}{comments}") 3444 else: 3445 result_sqls.append( 3446 f"{prefix}{sql}{(sep.rstrip() if comments else sep) if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}{comments}" 3447 ) 3448 else: 3449 result_sqls.append(f"{prefix}{sql}{comments}{sep if i + 1 < num_sqls else ''}") 3450 3451 if self.pretty and (not dynamic or self.too_wide(result_sqls)): 3452 if new_line: 3453 result_sqls.insert(0, "") 3454 result_sqls.append("") 3455 result_sql = "\n".join(s.rstrip() for s in result_sqls) 3456 else: 3457 result_sql = "".join(result_sqls) 3458 return ( 3459 self.indent(result_sql, skip_first=skip_first, skip_last=skip_last) 3460 if indent 3461 else result_sql 3462 )
def
op_expressions( self, op: str, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str:
3464 def op_expressions(self, op: str, expression: exp.Expression, flat: bool = False) -> str: 3465 flat = flat or isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Properties) 3466 expressions_sql = self.expressions(expression, flat=flat) 3467 if flat: 3468 return f"{op} {expressions_sql}" 3469 return f"{self.seg(op)}{self.sep() if expressions_sql else ''}{expressions_sql}"
3471 def naked_property(self, expression: exp.Property) -> str: 3472 property_name = exp.Properties.PROPERTY_TO_NAME.get(expression.__class__) 3473 if not property_name: 3474 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported property {expression.__class__.__name__}") 3475 return f"{property_name} {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
3483 def userdefinedfunction_sql(self, expression: exp.UserDefinedFunction) -> str: 3484 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3485 expressions = self.no_identify(self.expressions, expression) 3486 expressions = ( 3487 self.wrap(expressions) if expression.args.get("wrapped") else f" {expressions}" 3488 ) 3489 return f"{this}{expressions}"
3499 def when_sql(self, expression: exp.When) -> str: 3500 matched = "MATCHED" if expression.args["matched"] else "NOT MATCHED" 3501 source = " BY SOURCE" if self.MATCHED_BY_SOURCE and expression.args.get("source") else "" 3502 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3503 condition = f" AND {condition}" if condition else "" 3504 3505 then_expression = expression.args.get("then") 3506 if isinstance(then_expression, exp.Insert): 3507 this = self.sql(then_expression, "this") 3508 this = f"INSERT {this}" if this else "INSERT" 3509 then = self.sql(then_expression, "expression") 3510 then = f"{this} VALUES {then}" if then else this 3511 elif isinstance(then_expression, exp.Update): 3512 if isinstance(then_expression.args.get("expressions"), exp.Star): 3513 then = f"UPDATE {self.sql(then_expression, 'expressions')}" 3514 else: 3515 then = f"UPDATE SET {self.expressions(then_expression, flat=True)}" 3516 else: 3517 then = self.sql(then_expression) 3518 return f"WHEN {matched}{source}{condition} THEN {then}"
3520 def merge_sql(self, expression: exp.Merge) -> str: 3521 table = expression.this 3522 table_alias = "" 3523 3524 hints = table.args.get("hints") 3525 if hints and table.alias and isinstance(hints[0], exp.WithTableHint): 3526 # T-SQL syntax is MERGE ... <target_table> [WITH (<merge_hint>)] [[AS] table_alias] 3527 table_alias = f" AS {self.sql(table.args['alias'].pop())}" 3528 3529 this = self.sql(table) 3530 using = f"USING {self.sql(expression, 'using')}" 3531 on = f"ON {self.sql(expression, 'on')}" 3532 expressions = self.expressions(expression, sep=" ", indent=False) 3533 sep = self.sep() 3534 3535 return self.prepend_ctes( 3536 expression, f"MERGE INTO {this}{table_alias}{sep}{using}{sep}{on}{sep}{expressions}" 3537 )
3545 def tonumber_sql(self, expression: exp.ToNumber) -> str: 3546 if not self.SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER: 3547 self.unsupported("Unsupported TO_NUMBER function") 3548 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3549 3550 fmt = expression.args.get("format") 3551 if not fmt: 3552 self.unsupported("Conversion format is required for TO_NUMBER") 3553 return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE)) 3554 3555 return self.func("TO_NUMBER", expression.this, fmt)
3557 def dictproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DictProperty) -> str: 3558 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3559 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3560 settings_sql = self.expressions(expression, key="settings", sep=" ") 3561 args = f"({self.sep('')}{settings_sql}{self.seg(')', sep='')}" if settings_sql else "()" 3562 return f"{this}({kind}{args})"
3576 def clusteredbyproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.ClusteredByProperty) -> str: 3577 expressions = self.expressions(expression, key="expressions", flat=True) 3578 sorted_by = self.expressions(expression, key="sorted_by", flat=True) 3579 sorted_by = f" SORTED BY ({sorted_by})" if sorted_by else "" 3580 buckets = self.sql(expression, "buckets") 3581 return f"CLUSTERED BY ({expressions}){sorted_by} INTO {buckets} BUCKETS"
3583 def anyvalue_sql(self, expression: exp.AnyValue) -> str: 3584 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3585 having = self.sql(expression, "having") 3586 3587 if having: 3588 this = f"{this} HAVING {'MAX' if expression.args.get('max') else 'MIN'} {having}" 3589 3590 return self.func("ANY_VALUE", this)
3592 def querytransform_sql(self, expression: exp.QueryTransform) -> str: 3593 transform = self.func("TRANSFORM", *expression.expressions) 3594 row_format_before = self.sql(expression, "row_format_before") 3595 row_format_before = f" {row_format_before}" if row_format_before else "" 3596 record_writer = self.sql(expression, "record_writer") 3597 record_writer = f" RECORDWRITER {record_writer}" if record_writer else "" 3598 using = f" USING {self.sql(expression, 'command_script')}" 3599 schema = self.sql(expression, "schema") 3600 schema = f" AS {schema}" if schema else "" 3601 row_format_after = self.sql(expression, "row_format_after") 3602 row_format_after = f" {row_format_after}" if row_format_after else "" 3603 record_reader = self.sql(expression, "record_reader") 3604 record_reader = f" RECORDREADER {record_reader}" if record_reader else "" 3605 return f"{transform}{row_format_before}{record_writer}{using}{schema}{row_format_after}{record_reader}"
3607 def indexconstraintoption_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexConstraintOption) -> str: 3608 key_block_size = self.sql(expression, "key_block_size") 3609 if key_block_size: 3610 return f"KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = {key_block_size}" 3611 3612 using = self.sql(expression, "using") 3613 if using: 3614 return f"USING {using}" 3615 3616 parser = self.sql(expression, "parser") 3617 if parser: 3618 return f"WITH PARSER {parser}" 3619 3620 comment = self.sql(expression, "comment") 3621 if comment: 3622 return f"COMMENT {comment}" 3623 3624 visible = expression.args.get("visible") 3625 if visible is not None: 3626 return "VISIBLE" if visible else "INVISIBLE" 3627 3628 engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "engine_attr") 3629 if engine_attr: 3630 return f"ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {engine_attr}" 3631 3632 secondary_engine_attr = self.sql(expression, "secondary_engine_attr") 3633 if secondary_engine_attr: 3634 return f"SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE = {secondary_engine_attr}" 3635 3636 self.unsupported("Unsupported index constraint option.") 3637 return ""
3643 def indexcolumnconstraint_sql(self, expression: exp.IndexColumnConstraint) -> str: 3644 kind = self.sql(expression, "kind") 3645 kind = f"{kind} INDEX" if kind else "INDEX" 3646 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3647 this = f" {this}" if this else "" 3648 index_type = self.sql(expression, "index_type") 3649 index_type = f" USING {index_type}" if index_type else "" 3650 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 3651 expressions = f" ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 3652 options = self.expressions(expression, key="options", sep=" ") 3653 options = f" {options}" if options else "" 3654 return f"{kind}{this}{index_type}{expressions}{options}"
3656 def nvl2_sql(self, expression: exp.Nvl2) -> str: 3657 if self.NVL2_SUPPORTED: 3658 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3659 3660 case = exp.Case().when( 3661 expression.this.is_(exp.null()).not_(copy=False), 3662 expression.args["true"], 3663 copy=False, 3664 ) 3665 else_cond = expression.args.get("false") 3666 if else_cond: 3667 case.else_(else_cond, copy=False) 3668 3669 return self.sql(case)
3671 def comprehension_sql(self, expression: exp.Comprehension) -> str: 3672 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3673 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3674 iterator = self.sql(expression, "iterator") 3675 condition = self.sql(expression, "condition") 3676 condition = f" IF {condition}" if condition else "" 3677 return f"{this} FOR {expr} IN {iterator}{condition}"
3685 def predict_sql(self, expression: exp.Predict) -> str: 3686 model = self.sql(expression, "this") 3687 model = f"MODEL {model}" 3688 table = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3689 table = f"TABLE {table}" if not isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Subquery) else table 3690 parameters = self.sql(expression, "params_struct") 3691 return self.func("PREDICT", model, table, parameters or None)
3706 def toarray_sql(self, expression: exp.ToArray) -> str: 3707 arg = expression.this 3708 if not arg.type: 3709 from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types 3710 3711 arg = annotate_types(arg) 3712 3713 if arg.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY): 3714 return self.sql(arg) 3715 3716 cond_for_null = arg.is_(exp.null()) 3717 return self.sql(exp.func("IF", cond_for_null, exp.null(), exp.array(arg, copy=False)))
3733 def tsordstodate_sql(self, expression: exp.TsOrDsToDate) -> str: 3734 this = expression.this 3735 time_format = self.format_time(expression) 3736 3737 if time_format and time_format not in (self.dialect.TIME_FORMAT, self.dialect.DATE_FORMAT): 3738 return self.sql( 3739 exp.cast( 3740 exp.StrToTime(this=this, format=expression.args["format"]), 3741 exp.DataType.Type.DATE, 3742 ) 3743 ) 3744 3745 if isinstance(this, exp.TsOrDsToDate) or this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE): 3746 return self.sql(this) 3747 3748 return self.sql(exp.cast(this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE))
3760 def lastday_sql(self, expression: exp.LastDay) -> str: 3761 if self.LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART: 3762 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 3763 3764 unit = expression.text("unit") 3765 if unit and unit != "MONTH": 3766 self.unsupported("Date parts are not supported in LAST_DAY.") 3767 3768 return self.func("LAST_DAY", expression.this)
3777 def arrayany_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayAny) -> str: 3778 if self.CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY: 3779 filtered = exp.ArrayFilter(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression) 3780 filtered_not_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=filtered).neq(0) 3781 original_is_empty = exp.ArraySize(this=expression.this).eq(0) 3782 return self.sql(exp.paren(original_is_empty.or_(filtered_not_empty))) 3783 3784 from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect 3785 3786 # SQLGlot's executor supports ARRAY_ANY, so we don't wanna warn for the SQLGlot dialect 3787 if self.dialect.__class__ != Dialect: 3788 self.unsupported("ARRAY_ANY is unsupported") 3789 3790 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3792 def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str: 3793 expression.set( 3794 "expressions", 3795 [ 3796 exp.alias_(e.expression, e.name if e.this.is_string else e.this) 3797 if isinstance(e, exp.PropertyEQ) 3798 else e 3799 for e in expression.expressions 3800 ], 3801 ) 3802 3803 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
3811 def truncatetable_sql(self, expression: exp.TruncateTable) -> str: 3812 target = "DATABASE" if expression.args.get("is_database") else "TABLE" 3813 tables = f" {self.expressions(expression)}" 3814 3815 exists = " IF EXISTS" if expression.args.get("exists") else "" 3816 3817 on_cluster = self.sql(expression, "cluster") 3818 on_cluster = f" {on_cluster}" if on_cluster else "" 3819 3820 identity = self.sql(expression, "identity") 3821 identity = f" {identity} IDENTITY" if identity else "" 3822 3823 option = self.sql(expression, "option") 3824 option = f" {option}" if option else "" 3825 3826 partition = self.sql(expression, "partition") 3827 partition = f" {partition}" if partition else "" 3828 3829 return f"TRUNCATE {target}{exists}{tables}{on_cluster}{identity}{option}{partition}"
3833 def convert_sql(self, expression: exp.Convert) -> str: 3834 to = expression.this 3835 value = expression.expression 3836 style = expression.args.get("style") 3837 safe = expression.args.get("safe") 3838 strict = expression.args.get("strict") 3839 3840 if not to or not value: 3841 return "" 3842 3843 # Retrieve length of datatype and override to default if not specified 3844 if not seq_get(to.expressions, 0) and to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3845 to = exp.DataType.build(to.this, expressions=[exp.Literal.number(30)], nested=False) 3846 3847 transformed: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None 3848 cast = exp.Cast if strict else exp.TryCast 3849 3850 # Check whether a conversion with format (T-SQL calls this 'style') is applicable 3851 if isinstance(style, exp.Literal) and style.is_int: 3852 from sqlglot.dialects.tsql import TSQL 3853 3854 style_value = style.name 3855 converted_style = TSQL.CONVERT_FORMAT_MAPPING.get(style_value) 3856 if not converted_style: 3857 self.unsupported(f"Unsupported T-SQL 'style' value: {style_value}") 3858 3859 fmt = exp.Literal.string(converted_style) 3860 3861 if to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATE: 3862 transformed = exp.StrToDate(this=value, format=fmt) 3863 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: 3864 transformed = exp.StrToTime(this=value, format=fmt) 3865 elif to.this in self.PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES: 3866 transformed = cast(this=exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt), to=to, safe=safe) 3867 elif to.this == exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: 3868 transformed = exp.TimeToStr(this=value, format=fmt) 3869 3870 if not transformed: 3871 transformed = cast(this=value, to=to, safe=safe) 3872 3873 return self.sql(transformed)
3929 def copyparameter_sql(self, expression: exp.CopyParameter) -> str: 3930 option = self.sql(expression, "this") 3931 3932 if expression.expressions: 3933 upper = option.upper() 3934 3935 # Snowflake FILE_FORMAT options are separated by whitespace 3936 sep = " " if upper == "FILE_FORMAT" else ", " 3937 3938 # Databricks copy/format options do not set their list of values with EQ 3939 op = " " if upper in ("COPY_OPTIONS", "FORMAT_OPTIONS") else " = " 3940 values = self.expressions(expression, flat=True, sep=sep) 3941 return f"{option}{op}({values})" 3942 3943 value = self.sql(expression, "expression") 3944 3945 if not value: 3946 return option 3947 3948 op = " = " if self.COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED else " " 3949 3950 return f"{option}{op}{value}"
3952 def credentials_sql(self, expression: exp.Credentials) -> str: 3953 cred_expr = expression.args.get("credentials") 3954 if isinstance(cred_expr, exp.Literal): 3955 # Redshift case: CREDENTIALS <string> 3956 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3957 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS {credentials}" if credentials else "" 3958 else: 3959 # Snowflake case: CREDENTIALS = (...) 3960 credentials = self.expressions(expression, key="credentials", flat=True, sep=" ") 3961 credentials = f"CREDENTIALS = ({credentials})" if cred_expr is not None else "" 3962 3963 storage = self.sql(expression, "storage") 3964 storage = f"STORAGE_INTEGRATION = {storage}" if storage else "" 3965 3966 encryption = self.expressions(expression, key="encryption", flat=True, sep=" ") 3967 encryption = f" ENCRYPTION = ({encryption})" if encryption else "" 3968 3969 iam_role = self.sql(expression, "iam_role") 3970 iam_role = f"IAM_ROLE {iam_role}" if iam_role else "" 3971 3972 region = self.sql(expression, "region") 3973 region = f" REGION {region}" if region else "" 3974 3975 return f"{credentials}{storage}{encryption}{iam_role}{region}"
3977 def copy_sql(self, expression: exp.Copy) -> str: 3978 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 3979 this = f" INTO {this}" if self.COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD else f" {this}" 3980 3981 credentials = self.sql(expression, "credentials") 3982 credentials = self.seg(credentials) if credentials else "" 3983 kind = self.seg("FROM" if expression.args.get("kind") else "TO") 3984 files = self.expressions(expression, key="files", flat=True) 3985 3986 sep = ", " if self.dialect.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV else " " 3987 params = self.expressions( 3988 expression, 3989 key="params", 3990 sep=sep, 3991 new_line=True, 3992 skip_last=True, 3993 skip_first=True, 3994 indent=self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED, 3995 ) 3996 3997 if params: 3998 if self.COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED: 3999 params = f" WITH ({params})" 4000 elif not self.pretty: 4001 params = f" {params}" 4002 4003 return f"COPY{this}{kind} {files}{credentials}{params}"
4008 def datadeletionproperty_sql(self, expression: exp.DataDeletionProperty) -> str: 4009 on_sql = "ON" if expression.args.get("on") else "OFF" 4010 filter_col: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "filter_column") 4011 filter_col = f"FILTER_COLUMN={filter_col}" if filter_col else None 4012 retention_period: t.Optional[str] = self.sql(expression, "retention_period") 4013 retention_period = f"RETENTION_PERIOD={retention_period}" if retention_period else None 4014 4015 if filter_col or retention_period: 4016 on_sql = self.func("ON", filter_col, retention_period) 4017 4018 return f"DATA_DELETION={on_sql}"
def
maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint) -> str:
4020 def maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql( 4021 self, expression: exp.MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint 4022 ) -> str: 4023 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4024 expressions = self.expressions(expression, flat=True) 4025 expressions = f" USING ({expressions})" if expressions else "" 4026 return f"MASKING POLICY {this}{expressions}"
4036 def scoperesolution_sql(self, expression: exp.ScopeResolution) -> str: 4037 this = self.sql(expression, "this") 4038 expr = expression.expression 4039 4040 if isinstance(expr, exp.Func): 4041 # T-SQL's CLR functions are case sensitive 4042 expr = f"{self.sql(expr, 'this')}({self.format_args(*expr.expressions)})" 4043 else: 4044 expr = self.sql(expression, "expression") 4045 4046 return self.scope_resolution(expr, this)
4054 def rand_sql(self, expression: exp.Rand) -> str: 4055 lower = self.sql(expression, "lower") 4056 upper = self.sql(expression, "upper") 4057 4058 if lower and upper: 4059 return f"({upper} - {lower}) * {self.func('RAND', expression.this)} + {lower}" 4060 return self.func("RAND", expression.this)
4062 def changes_sql(self, expression: exp.Changes) -> str: 4063 information = self.sql(expression, "information") 4064 information = f"INFORMATION => {information}" 4065 at_before = self.sql(expression, "at_before") 4066 at_before = f"{self.seg('')}{at_before}" if at_before else "" 4067 end = self.sql(expression, "end") 4068 end = f"{self.seg('')}{end}" if end else "" 4069 4070 return f"CHANGES ({information}){at_before}{end}"
4072 def pad_sql(self, expression: exp.Pad) -> str: 4073 prefix = "L" if expression.args.get("is_left") else "R" 4074 4075 fill_pattern = self.sql(expression, "fill_pattern") or None 4076 if not fill_pattern and self.PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED: 4077 fill_pattern = "' '" 4078 4079 return self.func(f"{prefix}PAD", expression.this, expression.expression, fill_pattern)
def
explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str:
4085 def explodinggenerateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.ExplodingGenerateSeries) -> str: 4086 generate_series = exp.GenerateSeries(**expression.args) 4087 4088 parent = expression.parent 4089 if isinstance(parent, (exp.Alias, exp.TableAlias)): 4090 parent = parent.parent 4091 4092 if self.SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS and not isinstance(parent, (exp.Table, exp.Unnest)): 4093 return self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[generate_series])) 4094 4095 if isinstance(parent, exp.Select): 4096 self.unsupported("GenerateSeries projection unnesting is not supported.") 4097 4098 return self.sql(generate_series)
def
arrayconcat_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat, name: str = 'ARRAY_CONCAT') -> str:
4100 def arrayconcat_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayConcat, name: str = "ARRAY_CONCAT") -> str: 4101 exprs = expression.expressions 4102 if not self.ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN: 4103 rhs = reduce(lambda x, y: exp.ArrayConcat(this=x, expressions=[y]), exprs) 4104 else: 4105 rhs = self.expressions(expression) 4106 4107 return self.func(name, expression.this, rhs)
4109 def converttimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.ConvertTimezone) -> str: 4110 if self.SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE: 4111 return self.function_fallback_sql(expression) 4112 4113 source_tz = expression.args.get("source_tz") 4114 target_tz = expression.args.get("target_tz") 4115 timestamp = expression.args.get("timestamp") 4116 4117 if source_tz and timestamp: 4118 timestamp = exp.AtTimeZone( 4119 this=exp.cast(timestamp, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ), zone=source_tz 4120 ) 4121 4122 expr = exp.AtTimeZone(this=timestamp, zone=target_tz) 4123 4124 return self.sql(expr)